GEOPOLITICS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN: SOUTH ASIA’S STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN MARITIME SECURITY

Abstract

The Indian Ocean is a pivotal maritime zone influencing the geopolitical dynamics of South Asia due to its strategic location and rich resources. This article explores the intricate web of strategic competition among South Asian nations, primarily focusing on how these states leverage their geographical and maritime assets to assert dominance and ensure security. The analysis delves into the increasing militarization of the region, driven by the interests of both regional powers, such as India and Pakistan, and extra-regional actors, including China and the United States. The study begins by mapping the critical sea routes that facilitate substantial portions of the world’s maritime trade, highlighting their importance for global energy flows and economic connectivity. The narrative then shifts to the strategic initiatives undertaken by these nations, such as India’s "Act East" policy and China’s "String of Pearls" strategy, which aim to enhance influence in the Indian Ocean. The competition over these maritime routes has led to an escalation in naval capabilities, including submarine warfare, naval bases, and joint military exercises with allied nations. Furthermore, the article assesses the implications of these developments for regional security and trade, with a particular focus on the potential flashpoints and conflict zones that could destabilize the broader Indian Ocean region. The paper also examines cooperative efforts, such as anti-piracy operations and maritime environmental protection initiatives, that serve as counterbalances to the prevailing tensions. In conclusion, "Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean: South Asia’s Strategic Competition in Maritime Security" provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic calculations reshaping the Indian Ocean’s geopolitical landscape, offering insights into both the challenges and opportunities facing South Asia in its quest for maritime security.

Keywords: Indian Ocean, maritime security, South Asia, strategic competition, naval capabilities, geopolitical dynamics, regional powers, extra-regional actors, trade routes, militarization.