Sociology & Cultural Research Review

PAKISTAN'S TRADE RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION: A STUDY OF TRADE AGREEMENTS, TARIFFS, AND NON-TARIFF BARRIERS

2025-03-09T18:48:52+00:00

Pakistan's trade relations with the European Union (EU) have evolved significantly over the decades, with the EU emerging as one of Pakistan's largest trading partners. This study examines the dynamics of this relationship, focusing on the impact of trade agreements, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) on bilateral trade. The research highlights the EU's role in promoting trade liberalization through preferential trade agreements, such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP+), which has provided Pakistan with tariff concessions to enhance its export competitiveness. However, the benefits of these agreements are often offset by the persistence of non-tariff barriers, which include regulatory standards, licensing requirements, and technical barriers to trade. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study analyzes trade data, policy documents, and stakeholder interviews to assess the effectiveness of EU-Pakistan trade agreements in reducing tariffs and addressing NTBs. The findings reveal that while tariff reductions have facilitated increased exports of Pakistani textiles, garments, and agricultural products to the EU, non-tariff barriers remain a significant obstacle. These barriers increase the cost of compliance for Pakistani exporters, limit market access, and hinder the full realization of trade potential. The study also explores the asymmetries in the trade relationship, emphasizing the need for Pakistan to align its regulatory frameworks with EU standards to overcome NTBs. It concludes with policy recommendations, including capacity-building initiatives for exporters, harmonization of product standards, and enhanced bilateral dialogue to address trade disparities. By addressing these challenges, Pakistan can strengthen its trade ties with the EU and achieve sustainable economic growth.

Keywords: Pakistan, European Union, Trade Agreements, Tariffs, Non-Tariff Barriers, GSP+, Export Competitiveness, Trade Liberalization, Regulatory Standards, Bilateral Trade.

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF IMÉM ABU BAKR AHMAD IBN ALI IBN AL-RAZI AL-JAÎÉÎ IN FIQH: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF HANAFÊ JURISPRUDENCE

2025-01-29T18:05:23+00:00

ImÉm Abu Bakar al-JaÎÉÎ is famous jurist of HanafÊ school of thought. He wrote a great interpretation of QurÉn named AhkÉm al QurÉn. He has written more than fifteen books and more than eight book related to HanafÊ school of thought. In his interpretation of Quran, he doesn’t interpret all Qur’anic verses, as is done by other commentators. This article provides a comprehensive research analysis of the juristic contributions of Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Ali al-Razi al- JaÎÉÎ within the context of Hanafi jurisprudence. Al- JaÎÉÎ, a prominent Islamic scholar of the 10th century, significantly advanced the development and proliferation of Hanafi fiqh. The research examines his technique, his works, and the influence of his legal interpretations on later Hanafi thought. The study conducts a thorough analysis of his principal treatises, particularly his work on HanafÊ school of thought to explore the conceptual framework that influenced his legal reasoning. It underscores how his jurisprudential perspectives aided in addressing intricate matters in Islamic law, reconciling classic HanafÊ doctrine with contemporary legal procedures. The paper highlights the enduring impact of al- JaÎÉÎ on the HanafÊ School and Islamic law through an examination of his scholarly methodology. This research aims to deepen knowledge of the historical and intellectual legacy of al- JaÎÉÎ in the broader framework of Islamic legal thought.

Keywords: Contributions of ImÉm JaÎÉÎ, HanafÊ, Jurisprudence

ERASING THE SELF: IDENTIFYING RACIAL PASSING IN BENNET’S THE VANISHING HALF

2025-01-02T01:12:43+00:00

This article examines the issue of racial passing in Brit Bennett's novel The Vanishing Half (2020) which tackles the intricacies of racial identity and persecution in a multicultural society. This study attempts to shed light on how characters deal with racial prejudice and the effects of their decisions by using an analysis based on passing theory. The story centres on twin sisters Stella and Desiree as they negotiate their identities in the face of institutional racism and social norms. While Desiree celebrates her Black identity, Stella's choice to pass as a white lady underlines the psychological and societal ramifications of colourism. The findings of the research aid in comprehending the larger conversation about race, identity, and the long-lasting effects of past injustices experienced by marginalised groups. Ultimately, this piece highlights Bennett's story's importance in modern African American literature and its critique of racial hierarchy.

Keywords: Racial Passing, Brit Bennett's Novel, The Vanishing Half, Racial Identity, Multicultural Society

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN NORTH AMERICA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

2025-01-02T16:45:55+00:00

This paper explores the prospects and challenges of restorative justice practices in North America, with a focus on their application in Canada and the United States. Restorative justice, which emphasizes repairing harm through dialogue and community involvement, has gained traction in criminal justice systems as an alternative to traditional punitive approaches. The article examines the theoretical underpinnings of restorative justice and its impact on various communities, particularly marginalized groups. Key challenges identified include institutional resistance, cultural misunderstandings, and the difficulty of integrating restorative justice practices into formal legal systems. Drawing on case studies from British Columbia and Saskatchewan, the paper highlights successful restorative justice models and their potential to transform justice outcomes. The findings indicate that while restorative justice shows promise, its broader implementation requires addressing structural barriers and fostering cultural shifts within legal institutions.

Keywords: Restorative Justice, North America, Community Justice, Criminal Justice Reform, Institutional Resistance

ENERGY DIPLOMACY: CASA-1000 AND TAPI PROJECTS BRIDGING CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA

2025-01-03T09:05:26+00:00

Energy security is a critical driver of regional cooperation and geopolitical strategies in South and Central Asia. This paper examines the strategic dimensions of two major transnational energy projects: the Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission Project (CASA-1000) and Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline. CASA-1000 aims to transmit surplus electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to energy-deficient Afghanistan and Pakistan, while TAPI seeks to deliver natural gas from Turkmenistan to South Asia. These projects are heralded as transformative initiatives for regional integration, economic growth, and internal energy demands.This study employs a qualitative case study methodology to analyse the geopolitical, economic, and societal implications of these projects. It highlights the potential for fostering interdependence and regional stability but also underscores significant challenges, including security threats, political instability and competing stakeholder interests. The role of Afghanistan as a transit state is critically assessed, considering its pivotal position and ongoing instability.Findings suggest that while CASA-1000 and TAPI have the potential to reshape regional energy dynamics, their success depends on effective multilateral cooperation, conflict resolution and robust institutional frameworks. The paper argues that these projects are not merely energy ventures but strategic tools that could redefine South and Central Asia's geopolitical landscape. By addressing these challenges, the projects could emerge as models for transnational cooperation, contributing to regional stability and economic resilience.

Keywords: Multilateral Cooperation, Energy Security, Geopolitics of Energy, Sustainable Development, Clean Energy

STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES OF CYBER SECURITY IN MODERN WARFARE: BALANCING INNOVATION WITH RESPONSIBILITY

2025-01-03T09:32:08+00:00

The advent of advanced cyber technologies, such as artificial intelligence, malware, and cyber espionage tools, has significantly transformed modern warfare, presenting unprecedented strategic opportunities alongside profound ethical dilemmas. This study critically examines the interplay between these emerging technologies and their impact on military strategies, focusing on Pakistan's military infrastructure. It explores ethical challenges, such as privacy violations, proportionality, and accountability, arising from the militarization of cyberspace. By employing cybersecurity governance theory, the research analyses how states can mitigate risks associated with cyber tools while maintaining global security norms. The study highlights Pakistan's unique geopolitical position and its evolving cyber defense strategies in response to regional threats and global cyber norms. Using qualitative methodologies, including interviews with military and cybersecurity professionals, this research aims to provide actionable recommendations for balancing innovation in cyber warfare with ethical responsibility. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on cybersecurity governance, offering insights into how nations can address ethical and strategic imperatives in modern military operations.

Keywords: cybersecurity governance, modern warfare, ethical dilemmas, cyber technologies, Pakistan military strategy

US-CHINA GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION OVER LITHIUM RESOURCES: IMPACTS AND OUTCOMES FOR PAKISTAN’S ENERGY SECURITY

2025-01-05T03:30:24+00:00

Lithium is acritical resource that is mostly employed in re-chargeable batteries in electronic items systems such as notebooks, hybrids, and cellular telephones. The Lithium-ion battery market over the years has been growing Sino-Levfong 2013 relations now. In 2018, lithium was classified as critical to national interests and economic activities in the United States while in 2020, it was declared critical with regards to raw material in the European Union. All these factors including the globalization of the created market put more emphasis on lithium. As a result of these transition, there has been an increase in the rivalry between the United States and China over lithium resources thereby complicating the energy security landscape in Asia. This contest is realigning the geopolitical landscape of the regions particularly Asia where countries like India and Pakistan has to carefully maneuver its respective strategic cooperation. The paper aims to examine the impacts and outcomes for Pakistan’s energy security. It involves literature review and policy analysis betwixt geopolitical competitors on lithium production, processing, pricing and trade and investment patterns to explore inter-relationship among global competitors and investment priorities of Pakistan.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Lithium Geopolitics, US-China Competition, Energy Security

WENDIGO: REVOLUTIONIZING QUIZ-BASED LEARNING WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR SOCIAL IMPACT

2025-01-07T06:39:29+00:00

Wendigo is an AI-powered quiz generation platform designed to transform educational assessments by providing personalized, adaptive, and dynamic learning experiences. This application leverages advanced machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) technologies to automate the creation of quizzes from diverse educational content, reducing the workload for educators while enhancing learner engagement. Wendigo generates contextually relevant quizzes tailored to varying educational levels and subjects, offering an accessible tool for both formal education and self-directed learning. Its user-centric design allows for real-time feedback, making it an effective tool for improving knowledge retention and personalized learning pathways. The platform’s core innovation lies in its ability to personalize content through performance-based adaptation. By analyzing learner progress, Wendigo adjusts the complexity and structure of subsequent quizzes, catering to individual learning needs. Additionally, it supports diverse educational contexts, from school-based assessments to corporate training and competitive exam preparation. The system's web-based design ensures accessibility across devices, promoting inclusivity for learners in remote or underserved regions. However, the development of Wendigo also presents certain challenges, including potential biases in AI-generated content, data privacy concerns, and technical limitations in low-resource areas. To maximize its societal impact, future enhancements will focus on expanding the question bank, introducing multilingual support, and integrating with popular learning management systems (LMS) for broader usability. Ethical considerations, such as data security and fairness in AI-generated content, remain central to the platform’s continuous improvement. Wendigo's broader societal relevance extends beyond education by supporting corporate training programs, competitive exam preparation, and community learning initiatives. Its potential to bridge educational gaps and promote equitable access to quality assessments highlights the transformative role of AI in modern education. As technological advancements continue, Wendigo offers a scalable and effective model for leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance global learning outcomes.

Keywords: AI-Powered Learning, Quiz Generation, Educational Technology, Personalized Learning, Adaptive Assessments, Inclusive Education, Corporate Training, Knowledge Retention

UNVEILING GLOBAL POWER DYNAMICS: A FOUCAULDIAN ANALYSIS OF POST-COLONIAL PERSPECTIVE IN MIDDLE EAST

2025-01-06T09:13:11+00:00

The Middle East remains deeply affected by the lasting effects of colonialism, with control, exploitation, and the imposition of cultural norms leaving a lasting imprint on its socio-political landscape. Even after gaining independence from colonial rule, the lasting effects of past colonization continue to shape the present situation and pose complex challenges for the people in the region. The intricate relationship between the enduring impacts of colonialism and present-day social dynamics prompts important inquiries into power structures, the development of personal and group identities, and the quest for economic progress and cultural independence. Within this framework, a scholarly perspective is crucial for understanding the historical inequities, current conflicts, and intricate issues of the Middle Eastern encounter. Nevertheless, the utilization of post-colonial theory in the region is not devoid of its intricacies and disputes, as discussions revolve around its significance, practicability, and constraints in comprehending the multifaceted and elaborate reality of the Middle East. This research project aims to explore the intricacies of the post-colonial viewpoint in the Middle East through careful analysis. The objective is to explore the various effects of colonialism on the social, political, economic, and cultural aspects of the region. Qualitative approach will be adopted to conduct this research. This analysis will provide insightful perspectives on the lasting influence of historical factors on current challenges and possibilities. This study aims to thoroughly evaluate the effectiveness of post-colonial theory in analyzing the intricate power dynamics, formation of identities, and methods of resistance in the Middle Eastern context. Through this endeavor, the goal is to enhance our comprehension of the region's historical, current and forthcoming advancements.

Keywords: Global Power Dynamic, Post-Colonial Perspective, Middle East, Historical Factors

THE STRATEGIC INFLUENCE OF RUSSIA’S BLACK SEA FLEET AND IMPLICATIONS ON STRATEGIC CORRIDORS IN EASTERN EUROPE

2025-01-07T06:59:09+00:00

Russia's Black Sea Fleet plays an important role in shaping the geopolitical and military dynamics of Eastern Europe. As a key component of Russia's naval power, the fleet provides Moscow with significant strategic leverage over vital sea routes and chokepoints that link the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and beyond. The fleet’s presence enhances Russia’s ability to project power and influence over strategically important corridors such as the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, as well as in the contested regions of Crimea and the Donbas. The fleet’s operational capabilities enable Russia to assert control over crucial energy corridors, including gas pipelines and shipping routes that run through Eastern Europe. This impacts not only the region’s energy security but also its broader economic and political stability. Furthermore, the fleet’s strategic positioning challenges NATO’s presence in the region, complicating the alliance's efforts to ensure freedom of navigation and deter Russian aggression. Russia’s military activities in the Black Sea, combined with its fleet's modernization efforts, present significant implications for Eastern European countries. These nations, especially those bordering the Black Sea, face increased security threats, as Moscow utilizes its fleet to bolster its territorial claims and safeguard its regional interests. As tensions escalate, the Black Sea Fleet’s role continues to shape the strategic landscape of Eastern Europe, with long-term consequences for regional stability and international security.

Keywords: Black Sea Fleet, Strategic Corridors, Eastern Europe, Geopolitical Influence, Energy Security

PERCEPTION OF AGEING AMONG LITERATE URBANITE WOMEN IN ISLAMABAD: HOW EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL AND DIGITAL EXPOSURE INFLUENCE ON PERCEPTION

2025-01-07T07:48:55+00:00

Our study aimed to explore the perception of urbanite working women aged 35-50 in Islamabad, Pakistan. Our study examined how the intersectionality of education attainment, and professional and digital exposure influence the perception of the target group of women. We adopted the theoretical frameworks of Symbolic Interactionism and Feminist Intersectionality lens for this study. The qualitative research methodology was applied, with five in-depth interviews and one detailed case study with professional women from the upper middle class. Thematic analysis was used to examine the responses. Respondents mentioned a variation between their chronological and subjective ages, where they believed that their age is not merely a biological phenomenon, but a product integrated by psychological, cultural, societal, and professional factors. Education, profession, and urban environment allow them to adopt healthy lifestyles and self-care against ageing, which brings an evolved notion of ageing perception, at the same time traditional stereotypes, for instance, gender and social class continue to influence their perception. Our study contributes to the sociological literature on ageing offering self-reported subjective perception, addressing some critical gaps in non-Western contexts. Sociologically, our study examines the interplay of individual agency and structural and cultural influence on the building of perception in Pakistani middle-class women.

Keywords: Perception, Ageing, Literate Urbanite Women, Education, Professional, Digital Exposure.

SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE AND THE SINO-U.S. RIVALRY: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL SECURITY

2025-01-07T17:03:52+00:00

This study investigates the growing role of satellite surveillance in shaping Sino-U.S. relations and its consequences for regional security. The ever-growing reliance on space-based technologies for intelligence gathering, military operations, and strategic decision-making has surged the competition between China and the United States, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. By investigating developments in satellite capabilities and their utility in defense and geopolitical strategies, this research highlights the dual-edged nature of satellite surveillance as both a trigger for deterrence and a potential tool for conflict escalation. The study also analyzes how this technological rivalry affects regional stability, alliances, and the broader global security framework. Through a combination of reviews of books, case studies, policy analysis, official reports, journals, and academic theses, the research highlights the urgent need for international structures to manage space-based surveillance technologies and reduce risks of confrontation, using Michel Foucault’s surveillance theory as a foundation. This study adopted systematic literature review, and furthermore, exploratory approach is used to analyze the evolving role of satellite surveillance in Sino-U.S. relations and its implications for regional security. The research design combines qualitative methods with case study analysis, policy evaluation, and journals to provide a comprehensive understanding of the technological, geopolitical, and security dynamics. This investigation enriches the understanding of the complex interplay between technological innovation and geopolitical dynamics in a period of fierce Sino-U.S. competition.

Keywords: Satellite surveillance, Sino-US, Indo-Pacific region, Michel Foucault’s surveillance theory, Regional Security

EXPLORING NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES IN ELIF SHAFAK’S THE FORTY RULES OF LOVE: A STYLISTIC APPROACH

2025-01-09T12:13:31+00:00

Elif Shafak’s The Forty Rules of Love explores personal transformation through two interconnected storylines. The first follows Ella Rubinstein, a modern-day housewife, who discovers spiritual awakening through Rumi’s poetry. The second narrates the life of Rumi and his transformative relationship with Shams of Tabriz, whose radical philosophy helps Rumi find his poetic voice. Shafak uses alternating perspectives to create an intertextual dialogue between these timelines, illustrating love as a universal force that transcends time and culture. Her use of multiple narrators enriches the storytelling by providing diverse viewpoints on love and personal growth. Shafak’s stylistic approach, combining lyrical prose and philosophical reflections, enhances the mystical and emotional depth of the novel. The Sufi philosophy, embodied in the forty rules of love, acts as the central theme, offering insights into spirituality, self-awareness, and human connection. The novel addresses timeless themes, such as the conflict between modernity and tradition, the quest for self-discovery, and spiritual enlightenment. The parallel transformations of Rumi and Ella demonstrate how love, in all its forms, acts as a catalyst for personal growth. Shafak’s work invites readers to experience positive transformation through love, presenting it as an unbounded, timeless journey toward happiness and fulfillment.

Key Words: Narrative Techniques, Personal Transformation, Sufi Philosophy, Interconnected Storylines, Spiritual Enlightenment

CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE INDUS BASIN: A FOCUS ON THE TARBELA DAM

2025-01-10T11:24:50+00:00

The Indus Basin, a transboundary river system spanning across several South Asian nations, is a vital lifeline, providing essential water resources for agriculture, industry, and domestic use for hundreds of millions of people. This basin faces increasing pressure from climate change, which is significantly impacting water availability and management. The Tarbela Dam, a massive infrastructure project on the Indus River in Pakistan, plays a crucial role in regulating water flow, generating hydropower, and supporting irrigation. However, climate change poses significant threats to the dam's functionality and the basin's overall water security. Key climate change impacts include accelerated glacier melt in the Himalayan headwaters, leading to altered river flow regimes and increased sediment loads; shifting precipitation patterns, resulting in more frequent and intense droughts and floods; and an overall increase in the frequency and severity of extreme hydrological events. These changes create substantial challenges for water management, including balancing competing water demands, mitigating flood and drought risks, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of water resources. Effective adaptation strategies are urgently needed, including improved water use efficiency, enhanced reservoir management, investment in climate-resilient infrastructure, and strengthened regional cooperation. Sustainable water resource management, incorporating climate change considerations, is essential to secure the future of the Indus Basin and the livelihoods of the populations dependent on its waters. This requires a shift towards integrated water resource management approaches, incorporating social, economic, and environmental considerations, to ensure equitable and sustainable water allocation under a changing climate.

Keywords: Climate Change, Water Resource Management, Indus Basin, Tarbela Dam

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING POLICE EFFICIENCY IN PAKISTAN’S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

2025-01-10T19:11:21+00:00

The integration of technology in policing has transformed law enforcement practices worldwide, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and crime prevention capabilities. In Pakistan, where the criminal justice system faces significant challenges, including resource constraints, delayed investigations, and public distrust, leveraging modern technology is crucial for improving police performance. This study explores the role of technology in enhancing police efficiency within Pakistan’s criminal justice system, focusing on tools such as digital surveillance, biometric systems, data analytics, and forensic advancements. Drawing on global best practices and local initiatives, the research highlights how technological solutions can address systemic inefficiencies, improve resource allocation, and strengthen evidence-based policing. Case studies, such as the Punjab Safe Cities Authority and the Sindh Police’s biometric identification system, illustrate both the potential and limitations of current efforts. The study also identifies key barriers to technology adoption, including financial constraints, institutional resistance, and uneven resource distribution, particularly in rural areas. The paper concludes by proposing actionable strategies for integrating technology into Pakistan’s policing framework, emphasizing the importance of capacity building, public-private partnerships, and a unified national policy. By modernizing police operations through technology, Pakistan can not only enhance law enforcement efficiency but also rebuild public trust and strengthen the broader criminal justice system, contributing to a safer and more equitable society.

Keywords: Technology In Policing, Criminal Justice System, Police Efficiency, Law Enforcement Innovation

HYBRID WARFARE IN INDO-PAK CONFLICT: CHALLENGES FOR PAKISTAN

2025-01-11T15:12:44+00:00

Hybrid warfare phenomenon has sought utmost importance in Indo-Pak conflict with multiple dynamics in modern times. Indian intentions of downplaying national security and objectives of Pakistan are evident by virtue of misinformation campaigns, propaganda tools, media narratives and twisting the facts at international forums. Pakistan being nuclear capable state has to come up with well devised policy to ensure deterrence in the region to tackle Indian hegemonic designs as well as securing its vital national interests. For this purpose, vigilance of Indian intentions and policies is the need of the hour.

Keywords: Hybrid Warfare, Media narratives. Misinformation, Deterrence, hegemonic Designs

THE IMPACT OF SINO-US AI CYBER WARFARE ON PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

2025-01-13T11:11:49+00:00

The industrial revolution in the nineteenth century gave way to the strategic competition of the twentieth century, conventional and unconventional due to the nuclear factor. The third revolution of the military affairs of the 21^st century was the advancement in electronic warfare and cyber warfare. In today’s world, new global actors have appeared, and confrontation is taking place at all levels and in all sectors between Beijing and Washington. Cyberspace is recognized as the fifth warfare domain as the US armed forces and Chinese PLA heavily rely on cyberspace for message exchange, execution of operations and strategy. It shot the relation to a new era of cyber-arm race and remains strategic competition in cyberspace between the two nations. The present technological competition between China and Unites States specially in the field of Artificial Intelligence and cyber warfare has its implications for the many countries specially a country like Pakistan that is positioned strategically between the two global powers United Stated and China. This Paper will put light on the opportunities and technological challenges Pakistan will face in the rivalry of the big powers. Since this race in technology also comprises cyber security threats and reliance on the technology, it also contains opportunities for economic development and building of Pakistan’s national security architecture. This paper aims to discuss the cybersecurity threats that have an impact on Pakistan; the impact of the relations between china and the USA economically and geopolitically; and the plausible strategic of solutions for Pakistan.

Keywords: Cyber War, Cyber Security, Strategic Implications

MANAGING EFFECTS OF FOREX RATE, DISCOUNT RATE & GDP ON EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF PAKISTAN

2025-01-14T11:30:04+00:00

This study examines the effects of shifts in variables of macroeconomics like GDP, the Discount rate, & the Forex rate on Pakistan's export performance. It has been commonly accepted that the Earth has turned into worldwide community because none of the nation can satisfy their wants for merchandises & services. Because of lack of raw materials, these nations are compelled to export merchandises & services that would enable them to earn a sizable amount of foreign exchange, which they then use to pay for goods and services they import that are extremely expensive to produce domestically. Importing is essential to international trade as They make it possible for countries to purchase raw materials from other nations, turn them into finished goods, and then export those goods for a healthy profit. The government must keep its importing & exporting in an appropriate equilibrium in order to keep its balance of payments positive. Only supplies should be brought into our country owing to the fact importing extravagance merchandises would involve reimbursing huge amounts of Forex for merchandises as well as services from overseas. Descriptive statistics and diagnostic tests, comprising the Unit root test, ARDL tests, Bound test, Multicollinearity, Heteroscedasticity, Correlation, & Autocorrelation, have been executed utilizing the figures of independent variables, such as Gross Domestic Product, discount rate,& Forex rate, besides reliant variables, exporting spread over a period from 1978 to 2023. Cointegration has been implemented by us using the Bounds analysis method, which was created inside the ARDL framework, to examine the likelihood of a long-term balance link among exporting, GDP, discount rate, as well as Forex rate. The results provide convincing evidence that the GDP, discount rate, & Forex rate all considerably effect how our nation's export performance are affected immediately & over time.

Keywords: Importing Exporting, Gdp, Discount Rate, Forex Rate

PSYCHOPATHIC TENDENCIES AND SUICIDAL IDEATION: GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS

2025-01-14T16:10:30+00:00

This research examines the relationship between psychopathy and suicidal ideation, focusing on the gender differences in psychopathic tendencies. The objectives comprise exploring the positive link between psychopathy and suicidal ideation, determining the role of gender in developing the psychopathic tendencies. The study hypothesized positive correlations between antisocial factor of psychopathy and suicidal ideation, and negative correlation between callousness and suicidal ideation. Additionally, it hypothesized gender differences in psychopathy scores. Findings revealed that while antisocial factor of psychopathy correlated positively with suicidal ideation, callousness was negatively correlated with suicidal ideation but the relationship was not significant. Gender differences in psychopathy were not significant, contradicting the hypothesis. This study highlights the crucial role of educational institutions in addressing students' psychological needs, thereby preventing the development of psychopathic tendencies among them.

Keywords: Psychopathy, Suicidal Ideation, Gender

RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR ECONOMIC IMPACT ON PAKISTAN

2025-01-14T17:34:25+00:00

The Russia-Ukraine war has significantly reshaped global economic dynamics, with far-reaching consequences for developing countries like Pakistan. This conflict has disrupted international supply chains, exacerbated inflationary pressures, and impacted energy security due to heightened volatility in global energy markets. As a major importer of oil, Pakistan has faced increased import bills, leading to a widened trade deficit and further depreciation of the Pakistani Rupee. The surge in commodity prices, particularly wheat and fertilizers—key imports from the region—has compounded domestic inflation and created food security challenges for the country. Additionally, geopolitical realignments have strained bilateral relations and trade routes, limiting Pakistan’s access to alternative energy sources and creating long-term economic vulnerabilities. The war has also influenced Pakistan’s export potential due to reduced demand in conflict-affected European markets and the redirection of global investments to safer economic zones. While some opportunities have emerged, such as increasing trade with Central Asian states, they remain underexplored due to infrastructural and policy challenges. This paper critically examines the direct and indirect economic impacts of the Russia-Ukraine war on Pakistan, exploring energy, trade, and food security dimensions. It also highlights strategies for mitigating these challenges through enhanced regional cooperation, diversification of trade partners, and improved energy policies. The study underscores the importance of adaptive economic strategies to navigate the evolving global geopolitical landscape.

Keywords: Russia-Ukraine War, Pakistan Economy, Energy Security, Trade Deficit

FROM CUSTOM TO CHANGE: FEMINISM’S ROLE IN ENDING HONOUR KILLINGS IN PUNJAB AND SINDH IN THE POST-MUSHARRAF ERA (2008–2023)

2025-01-15T10:43:05+00:00

This paper examines the role of feminism in addressing honour killings in Pakistan, specifically in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh, during the post-Musharraf era (2008–2023). Honour killings, a deeply rooted issue in Pakistan’s patriarchal society, continue to persist despite legal reforms and the increasing involvement of feminist movements in raising awareness and advocating for change. This study seeks to explore how feminist ideologies and grassroots activism have influenced the reduction of honour killings, focusing on the intersection of law, culture, and gender norms. Through qualitative research, including case studies and interviews with activists, legal experts, and survivors, the paper assesses the effectiveness of legal reforms such as the Anti-Honour Killing Law of 2016, which aims to curb this form of violence. It also analyses the contribution of feminist organizations and movements in Punjab and Sindh in challenging traditional views on family honour and advocating for women's rights. This paper further highlights the socio-cultural barriers that persist in these regions, despite efforts to eradicate honour-based violence, and the role of media in transforming public perceptions. The findings reveal that while significant progress has been made in the legal sphere, challenges remain in fully eliminating honour killings due to entrenched cultural practices and resistance from conservative elements within society. This study concludes by suggesting strategies to enhance the impact of feminist movements and further strengthen the legal framework to prevent honour killings in Pakistan.

Keywords: Feminism, Honour Killings, Legal Reforms, Gender Equality

BRAND CONSCIOUSNESS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2025-01-15T17:32:14+00:00

This study investigates brand consciousness among university students, aiming to understand their brand preferences and the various factors influencing these preferences. Examining the major factors that influence students' purchase decisions—such as perception, peer and social pressure, brand self-identity, and the impact of family background—is the main goal of this study. A Likert scale questionnaire was employed to gather data, which helped identify how these factors contribute to brand consciousness among students. Pierre Bourdieu's Theory of Social Capital—more especially, his ideas of social, cultural, and symbolic capital—is the foundation of the study. These frameworks offer insights into the way’s social networks and peer influence shape brand preferences. According to Bourdieu, social capital plays a significant role in defining one’s consumption patterns, including the preference for branded products. A quantitative research design was applied, using probability sampling to select 100 respondents from various universities in Islamabad. To facilitate data collection, the survey was distributed through a Google Form link, which was shared with the students. The findings highlight that peer influence is a major factor in shaping brand identity, confirming that social groups and networks heavily dictate consumption choices. Hypothesis testing revealed significant associations between social and peer influence (independent variable) and brand consciousness (dependent variable). Furthermore, it was found that the influence of buying decisions strongly correlates with brand consciousness. Non-parametric tests were used due to the non-normal distribution of data, and the normality test confirmed this characteristic. The reliability statistics indicated a high level of reliability in the data, while Spearman’s correlation tests revealed significant correlations between variables. Although this study offers insightful information on brand consciousness, it also points to a knowledge vacuum about the long-term impacts of this consciousness on customer behavior. Future research could explore how prolonged exposure to branded products affects young consumers' financial habits and psychological well-being.

Keywords: Brand Consciousness, Consumer Behavior, Brand Identity, Social Influence

CYBERWARFARE IN SOUTH ASIA: THE IMPACT OF INDO-CHINESE RIVALRY ON PAKISTAN'S SECURITY

2025-01-16T16:34:21+00:00

The escalating cyberwarfare between China and India plays a significant role in South Asian geopolitics, reflecting a Realist view of international relations that focuses on power struggles, national security, and competition in a leaderless world. This study explores how both nations’ cyber strategies are part of a larger race for regional dominance, driven by their quest for technological superiority. It also looks at the impact of this rivalry on Pakistan, a country already facing its own challenges while being drawn into this conflict. Examples like cyber spying and attacks on critical infrastructure show the serious risks involved in this ongoing struggle. As technologies like blockchain, quantum cryptography, and artificial intelligence continue to evolve, Pakistan finds itself at a crossroads, facing both exciting opportunities and serious challenges. This study highlights the importance of building stronger cyber defenses by fostering strategic partnerships, investing in local technological innovation, and playing an active role in shaping global cyber policies. It provides practical insights to help scholars, policymakers, and strategists better understand how cyberwarfare is influencing traditional power struggles. The focus is on how this affects Pakistan’s critical infrastructure, national sovereignty, and its position in the region, offering a Realist perspective on these pressing issues.

Keywords: Cyberwarfare, Technological Superiority, National Security, Strategic Partnerships, Regional Dominance

US-ISRAEL SECURITY ALLIANCE AND AI-GENERATED CYBERWARFARE: IMPLICATIONS ON IRAN

2025-01-16T17:07:51+00:00

AI-generated cyberwarfare will be a key facet of the US-Israel Security Alliance, signalling a paradigm shift in how the conflict will be fought in the twenty-first century, especially in the Middle East. By extending the alliance's cyber capabilities with artificial intelligence, this paper explores how the combination creates powerful cyber weapons in both the attack and defence, which are orders of magnitude faster and more precise, with unprecedented adaptability. Case studies such as Stuxnet, and analysis of recent developments of AI driven tools targeting Iran’s critical infrastructure, show how AI driven tools disrupt Iran’s critical infrastructure, pursue its economics, and undermine its nuclear ambitions at the same time as aggravating its economic and geopolitical vulnerabilities. The research looks further into how Iran has attempted to counter these challenges by increasing the strength of its cybersecurity barriers while also forging alliances with world powers such as China and Russia. However, these measures don’t safeguard Iran from the risk of AI powered cyberattacks because the country has outdated technology and systemic vulnerabilities. Finally, the impact on geopolitical implications is discussed, showing how the emergence of AI-driven cyberwarfare redefines regional power balances and precipitates faster escalation of a global arms race in cybersecurity. Critical examination of ethical and legal dilemmas arising in AI use in cyber operations includes questions about accountability, collateral damage, and the absence of established worldwide norms governing AI use in cyber operations. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for setting global guidelines for its responsible usage in cyber warfare. This analysis contributes to understanding the transformational effects of AI technologies on the US–Israel–Iran dynamic and beyond, adding a comprehensive study of strategic, geopolitical, and ethical dimensions of the use of AI in cyber conflict.

Keywords: Us-Israel, Security Alliance, Ai-Generated Cyberwarfare, Implications, Iran

IMPLICATIONS OF INDO-US COOPERATION IN DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: IMPACT ON PAKISTAN AND STRATEGIC PATHWAYS

2025-01-16T21:12:00+00:00

This study is to examine the implications of Indo-US cooperation in disruptive technology on Pakistan technological development. India has strengthened its strategic alliance with the US through the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) in fields like AI, robotics, quantum computing, biotechnology and cybersecurity. Hence, this cooperation boosted up India’s position within global tech. hierarchy getting access to more research opportunities and growth prospects enhancing technological gap with Pakistan. Pakistan is facing a growing technological divide within the area. This article presents the different ways how Indo-US partnership has impacted Pakistan’s technological environment such as industrial competitiveness, defense & economic growth. Implications like limited access to cutting edge technologies, lack of research & developments, scarce infrastructure so all these factors hinder progression of Pakistan. This study uses qualitative approach to analyze impacts on Pakistan national security, innovation potential and economic stability. Findings show that regardless of these obstacles, Pakistan has still greatest opportunity in strengthening its research & development ecosystem, fostering international partnerships, & developing strategic policies in enhancing technological perseverance. This research underscores the need of immediate measures involving encouraging innovation driven policies, strengthening its digital infrastructure development and giving investments in disruptive technologies top priority. By addressing the technological gap, Pakistan may endeavor risks, foster innovations and secure a competitive position Worldwide. With the utilization of practical insights, this study seeks to strengthen Pakistan's technological resilience and guarantee its capability to function in a world which is changing quickly & is dominated by disruptive innovations. The research concludes with strategic recommendations for industry leaders, stake holders and policy makers to build a technologically sustainable future for Pakistan.

Keywords: Indo-US Cooperation, Disruptive Technology, Technological Gap, Pakistan National Security

TECH’S ROLE TO COUNTER TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN

2025-01-16T21:30:11+00:00

Pakistan's prolonged and complex struggle with terrorism has persisted for multiple decades, deeply rooted in intricate regional dynamics, historical conflicts, and multifaceted domestic challenges. While strategic military operations have achieved significant success in dismantling and weakening prominent terrorist organizations, the fundamental challenge of countering extremist ideologies continues to demand innovative solutions. This comprehensive paper investigates the transformative potential of modern technology in revolutionizing Pakistan's counter-terrorism strategy and security infrastructure. Through detailed analysis of cutting-edge technological advancements—including artificial intelligence-driven surveillance systems, sophisticated data analytics platforms, comprehensive biometric databases, and advanced digital monitoring mechanisms—we explore how these integrated technological tools enhance national security capabilities and intelligence gathering. Applying the theoretical framework of Rational Choice Theory (RCT), this research demonstrates conclusively that technology-based approaches significantly increase operational risks and implementation barriers for terrorist activities while simultaneously fostering peaceful alternatives and social integration. This paper presents compelling evidence that implementing comprehensive technology-driven approaches alongside existing security frameworks offers Pakistan the most promising and sustainable path toward achieving lasting stability and national security in an increasingly complex regional environment.

Keywords: Terrorism, Technology, Deterrence, Soft Power, Big Data

THE UN'S ROLE IN THE RESOLUTION OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

2025-01-19T09:12:59+00:00

The Syrian crisis, erupting in 2011 from protests against President Assad's authoritarian rule, has evolved into a complex, multifaceted conflict marked by violence, humanitarian suffering, and deep sectarian divisions. Initial demands for democratic reforms quickly escalated into a civil war involving numerous local factions and international actors with conflicting agendas. This protracted conflict is characterized by a convergence of historical grievances, socio-economic hardships, sectarian dynamics, and external interventions, hindering efforts towards a sustainable resolution. Socio-economic factors, including high unemployment and economic inequality, fueled initial discontent. However, the regime's brutal response intensified sectarian identities, with religious minorities largely supporting the government and the Sunni majority forming the core of the opposition. This sectarian narrative became central to the conflict, complicating internal dynamics and external diplomatic efforts. International influence, within the context of the Arab Spring, further complicated the crisis. External actors, including Russia and Iran supporting the Assad regime, and the United States, Turkey, and Gulf States backing opposition groups, transformed Syria into a proxy battleground for broader geopolitical rivalries. This external involvement has prolonged the conflict and obstructed peaceful resolution attempts. The humanitarian crisis has reached catastrophic proportions, with over 90% of the Syrian population living below the poverty line, facing food insecurity and lack of basic services. Massive displacement has altered local demographics, creating tensions between host communities and newcomers. Efforts to achieve peace are hampered by a fractured opposition, deep-rooted mistrust, and the ongoing humanitarian crisis diverting resources from political negotiations. Addressing the crisis requires a comprehensive approach, including durable solutions for displaced populations, rebuilding trust among conflicting parties, sustained diplomatic initiatives, and tackling the root causes of the conflict through socio-economic reforms and institutional strengthening. Ensuring humanitarian access and support remains crucial, requiring innovative aid delivery strategies and sustained international cooperation. The complex interplay of these factors necessitates comprehensive strategies addressing both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term political solutions for a stable and peaceful future for Syria.

Keywords: Syrian Crisis, Civil War, Humanitarian Crisis, International Intervention, Sectarian Conflict, Displacement

THE TRIANGULAR DYNAMICS: ANALYZING PAKISTAN, CHINA, AND US RELATIONS THROUGH STRATEGIC, ECONOMIC, AND REALIST LENSES

2025-01-19T09:31:00+00:00

This article will explore about relation among three countries i.e. Pakistan, china and US. It reveals the reason of mistrust between Pakistan and America although they had good relations initially and shows how incidents like cold war, indo Pak war, Bangladesh separation and soviet union attack on Afghanistan, 9/11 attack, fall of Taliban government and rising GDP of china falling GDP of USSR and the growing competition between superpower for dominance and power impacts the relations among countries. Moreover, this will explore the expanding relation between Pakistan and china on different aspects like military, strategy, geography, politics, security, technology, trading and economy also showcasing reason of good relation of Pak-China since 1951 and about big projects and investments. This will examine deeply the foreign policy of Pakistan that how Pakistan should maintain good relations with these core countries focusing their own personal national interests.

Keywords: 9/11Attack, Pak-China Relations, Strategic Relationship, CPEC, US-China

DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA CHINA CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN

2025-01-19T20:16:00+00:00

The conflict between India and China, rooted in historical, territorial, and geopolitical disputes, continues to shape the regional dynamics of South Asia. This research explores the use of disruptive technologies in the India-China conflict and examines its implications for Pakistan's economic, political, and foreign policy landscapes. Disruptive technologies, including advancements in artificial intelligence, cyber warfare, and space-based systems, have intensified the competition between these two nuclear-armed nations, further complicating the regional security environment. Pakistan, as a key player in South Asia, finds itself deeply impacted by this rivalry, navigating its geopolitical challenges and opportunities amidst the evolving technological race. This paper delves into the historical background of the India-China conflict, including territorial disputes such as the McMahon Line and the 1962 Sino-Indian War, to contextualize the current competition. By focusing on how disruptive technologies are shaping regional power dynamics, this research investigates their role in economic influence, military strategies, and geopolitical alignments. The paper also addresses the ways in which Pakistan, as a neighboring state, experiences the ripple effects of this technological arms race on its national security, foreign relations, and strategic partnerships. Through a detailed analysis, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between the India-China conflict and disruptive technologies while highlighting their broader implications for Pakistan and South Asia.

Keywords: India-China Conflict, Disruptive Technologies, Pakistan Foreign Policy, Regional Security, Geopolitical Dynamics

NAVIGATING THE GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE: IMPACT OF US-CHINA CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES ON PAKISTAN'S ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY TRAJECTORY

2025-01-20T15:52:44+00:00

The 21st century has witnessed a profound interplay between geopolitics and climate change, with the United States and China emerging as key players. As the largest carbon emitters and leading global economies, their policies not only shape the international climate agenda but also impact the environmental sustainability of developing nations like Pakistan. This study investigates the influence of US-China climate change policies on Pakistan’s sustainable development trajectory through a geopolitical lens. By examining the strategic priorities and policy frameworks of both nations, the research highlights how their cooperative or competitive approaches affect global climate governance and, in turn, create ripple effects for vulnerable countries. Pakistan faces unique challenges, including rising temperatures, recurring natural disasters, and environmental degradation, which are compounded by limited resources and policy gaps. The research explores how shifts in US-China climate diplomacy—whether through global climate agreements, carbon reduction targets, or financial commitments—impact Pakistan's ability to align with international sustainability standards. Furthermore, it evaluates how Pakistan can leverage these geopolitical dynamics to secure green financing, adopt clean energy technologies, and strengthen resilience against climate change. This study underscores the critical need for Pakistan to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape of US-China relations, balancing national priorities with global environmental commitments. It calls for proactive policy responses that integrate environmental sustainability into national security and economic development strategies.

Keywords: Geopolitics, Climate Change, US-China Policies, Environmental Sustainability, Pakistan

NAVIGATING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND REGIONAL COOPERATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

2025-01-22T10:25:35+00:00

The South China Sea (SCS) dispute represents a complex geopolitical crisis involving regional security, international law, and great power dynamics. This study examines the applicability of international law, particularly United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in addressing Southeast Asia’s territorial disputes and resource competition. It also analyzes the impact of the Permanent Court of Arbitration's (PCA) ruling, which invalidated China’s expansive claims, and highlights ASEAN's conflict management efforts, emphasizing dialogue and cooperation despite internal challenges. Using qualitative research methodology, including document analysis of legal texts, ASEAN communiqués, and international rulings, this study underscores that resolving the SCS dispute requires a blend of multilateral diplomacy and a rules-based legal framework.

Keywords: South China Sea, UNCLOS, ASEAN, Territorial Disputes

ASIA’S QUEST FOR STABILITY: REGIONALISM AS A GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGY

2025-01-22T19:25:50+00:00

Asia’s geopolitical landscape is defined by its immense diversity, complex historical legacies, and evolving power dynamics, making regionalism a vital strategy for achieving long-term stability. This paper explores the role of regionalism as a mechanism to address Asia’s interconnected challenges, including economic disparities, environmental crises, technological advancements, and security concerns. Regionalism in Asia not only serves as a platform for fostering economic integration but also as a tool for enhancing political dialogue, mutual confidence, and collective security. By analyzing the interactions between historical grievances, cultural ties, and economic interdependence, this study demonstrates how regional frameworks, such as ASEAN and RCEP, enable nations to align their interests while navigating geopolitical rivalries. The paper also delves into the obstacles hindering regional cooperation, such as unresolved territorial disputes, legacy conflicts, and the competing ambitions of major powers. It argues that despite these barriers, Asia’s regionalism has proven resilient and adaptive, offering solutions to global challenges like climate change and pandemic management through intra-regional collaboration. Furthermore, it highlights the imperative for policymakers to embrace inclusive regionalism and prioritize multilateral mechanisms to create a genuinely multipolar order that ensures equitable development and peace. For scholars, a broader conceptualization of security—beyond military balances—is necessary to address the socioeconomic and ideological dimensions shaping Asia’s political behavior. In conclusion, Asia’s quest for stability lies in strengthening regionalism as a geopolitical strategy that reconciles historical divides, balances national ambitions, and builds sustainable frameworks for cooperation. The paper calls for innovative policy approaches and deeper academic inquiry to ensure that regionalism continues to serve as a cornerstone for peace and prosperity in Asia.

Keywords: Asia, Regionalism, Geopolitical Strategy, Stability, Economic Integration, Security, ASEAN, RCEP, Regional Cooperation, Multipolar Order, Policy Making, Historical Grievances, Intra-Regional Collaboration

TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS AND THE PRESERVATION OF SEERAH: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

2025-01-23T19:38:10+00:00

The Seerah, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), holds immense significance for Muslims worldwide, serving as a vital source of spiritual and historical knowledge. In the digital age, technological tools have introduced new opportunities for preserving and disseminating the Seerah, ensuring its accessibility to a global audience. This paper explores both the opportunities and challenges associated with using technology to safeguard and share the Seerah. Key opportunities include the digitization of ancient manuscripts, which preserves these invaluable texts while making them more widely accessible, as well as the use of multimedia presentations, which can enhance engagement through videos, animations, and interactive content. Furthermore, open-access platforms and social media allow for the Seerah to be shared globally, fostering a wider understanding of Islamic teachings across diverse cultures and regions. However, these technological advancements also present challenges. Ensuring the authenticity and reliability of digital resources is crucial, as there is a risk of misrepresentation or manipulation of the Seerah in digital formats. Copyright and intellectual property concerns further complicate the balance between protecting scholarly contributions and providing open access. Additionally, the need to preserve cultural sensitivity and context in digital formats is essential to avoid superficial interpretations or cultural appropriation. Technological limitations, such as data storage and accessibility issues, also pose challenges, particularly for under-resourced regions. This paper concludes that while technological tools offer great promise for the preservation and dissemination of the Seerah, careful attention must be paid to these challenges. Through collaboration between scholars, institutions, and technologists, and by adopting ethical and inclusive strategies, the Seerah can be preserved and shared in ways that maintain its integrity and relevance for future generations.

Keywords: Seerah, Technological tools, Digital preservation, Islamic heritage, Digitization, Open access

MILITARY BUILDUPS AND BORDER DISPUTES: THE SECURITY DILEMMA IN SOUTH ASIA

2025-01-24T10:00:11+00:00

This article examines the security dilemma in South Asia, focusing on the military buildups and border disputes involving India, Pakistan, and China. It analyzes how the accumulation of military assets and pursuit of strategic depth by these nations escalate regional tensions and fuel an arms race. The study explores historical and ongoing border conflicts, particularly in Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, and the Line of Control (LoC), while discussing the security dilemma—where defensive measures by one state are perceived as threats by others, leading to a cycle of arms accumulation. The paper also reviews the impact of external factors like alliances, arms imports, and international diplomacy, including confidence-building measures and bilateral dialogues. It highlights the socio-economic consequences of military spending, such as the diversion of resources from development and humanitarian impacts on affected populations. In conclusion, the article calls for a comprehensive security framework in South Asia that addresses political issues and suggests paths for conflict resolution and stability.

Keywords: South Asia, military buildup, border disputes, security dilemma, India, Pakistan, China, arms race, international diplomacy, regional stability

GEOPOLITICS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN: SOUTH ASIA’S STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN MARITIME SECURITY

2025-01-24T10:08:45+00:00

The Indian Ocean is a pivotal maritime zone influencing the geopolitical dynamics of South Asia due to its strategic location and rich resources. This article explores the intricate web of strategic competition among South Asian nations, primarily focusing on how these states leverage their geographical and maritime assets to assert dominance and ensure security. The analysis delves into the increasing militarization of the region, driven by the interests of both regional powers, such as India and Pakistan, and extra-regional actors, including China and the United States. The study begins by mapping the critical sea routes that facilitate substantial portions of the world’s maritime trade, highlighting their importance for global energy flows and economic connectivity. The narrative then shifts to the strategic initiatives undertaken by these nations, such as India’s "Act East" policy and China’s "String of Pearls" strategy, which aim to enhance influence in the Indian Ocean. The competition over these maritime routes has led to an escalation in naval capabilities, including submarine warfare, naval bases, and joint military exercises with allied nations. Furthermore, the article assesses the implications of these developments for regional security and trade, with a particular focus on the potential flashpoints and conflict zones that could destabilize the broader Indian Ocean region. The paper also examines cooperative efforts, such as anti-piracy operations and maritime environmental protection initiatives, that serve as counterbalances to the prevailing tensions. In conclusion, "Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean: South Asia’s Strategic Competition in Maritime Security" provides a comprehensive overview of the strategic calculations reshaping the Indian Ocean’s geopolitical landscape, offering insights into both the challenges and opportunities facing South Asia in its quest for maritime security.

Keywords: Indian Ocean, maritime security, South Asia, strategic competition, naval capabilities, geopolitical dynamics, regional powers, extra-regional actors, trade routes, militarization.

UNDERSTANDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGION OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN

2025-01-24T15:58:30+00:00

Gilgit-Baltistan as a special administrative region in the Federation of Pakistan can be a special case study to explore the relationship of educational expansion and its positive impacts on the socio-economic domains of the society. Although, the journey of basic level education is not much older in the region it not only laid down the foundations for the expansion of higher education in the region but it also impacted the living standards, income levels, and sources of livelihoods of the people in a positive direction. Here in this article by using qualitative methodology we will try to explore the extent of this relationship.

Keywords: GB, Education, Livelihoods, Division, Development

THE INTERSECTION OF URDU LANGUAGE AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

2025-01-27T10:56:50+00:00

Mathematics is a branch of science without which we cannot imagine moving forward in time nor can we look into the past accurately. Without calculations we cannot move forward one step. It has been divided into sub-branches, each branch has a world of colour in it. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Astronomy, Data Science, Computer, IT, Business and Commerce, Technology, Social Science, Arts and Sciences. Its use everywhere for humanities has become a compulsion beyond necessity. Like the introduction of mathematics in all sciences, it has been used in Urdu language and literature since the beginning of Urdu. You must have often seen that 786 is written instead of Bismillah Rahmanul Rahim, A, B, C, Dughirham is written instead of the question number in Urdu, you must have seen it written. The reason for this is the numbers of the numbers from "A" to "Z", each letter has a fixed number. This is mathematics. In modern times, there are 54 letters of the Urdu alphabet. It is also important to remember the correct number with the letters. For pronunciation of Urdu like Arabic, Persian, Sindhi, familiarity with Shamsi letters is necessary. For example: In Allah, two "l" are written, but it is read as one. 14 solar letters are important to remember. The foundation of mathematics is counting. The beginning of teaching mathematics to the child is done by making him memorize the count, the language is used for the number of this count, and the language has fixed a word for each number. . When the name of mathematics comes to mind, the concept of table comes to mind. "Mountain" is a term. Adding numbers, adding numbers and adding them further is called Pahare. Mountains up to two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen and twenty have been included in our curriculum so that students can learn these basic mountains. By memorizing, you should be able to make future mathematical studies easier, and this is what happens in the case of memorization. Unit, decade, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, million, plus, negative, multiplication, division, less than or equal, adazam, angle, triangle/triangle, rectangle, etc. are the gift of Urdu language. The status that mathematics has got today is in the form of language and expression. Such techniques, idioms, idioms, sayings are used in common speech, in which the connection with mathematics is shown, In literary research, time has a special importance in order to determine the period in the context of biography and personality, it is necessary to know the knowledge of mathematics. There are many such examples in Urdu. Just like the process of mathematics is involved in Urdu, similarly, Urdu language and literature are also involved in mathematics. For the Urdu medium, Urdu language is of primary importance for mathematics, although the recognition of this is done lazily. Therefore, both the Urdu language and the knowledge of mathematics are related to each other, it is not necessary, it is compulsory.

Keywords: Urdu, Mathematics, Sharing Terminology, Ghalib Biography Timing, Date of Death

THE IMPACT OF SPECIAL EDUCATION ON THE SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEARING-IMPAIRED STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY IN RAWALPINDI

2025-01-27T11:24:20+00:00

Special education refers to the practice of providing education to students in a way that meets their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs. This includes self-planning and monitoring processes for instruction, adaptable tools and materials, and accessibility. The objectives of this study were to identify the role of special education in the social and emotional development of hearing-impaired students and also identify the factors effecting and the problems faced by hearing impaired. The research method selected for the study was Quantitative research methodology. As this research involves a descriptive method of research, information about the role of special education in social and emotional development of hearing impaired students collected through questionnaire from the parents. As parents are very close to the students, they watched and observed them at home and at different places. Therefore, their observation makes the data more authentic. The population of the study comprised of 402 parents of Hearing-impaired students studying in hearing impaired secondary schools/colleges of Rawalpindi. A group of 200 parents 50% of total population of hearing impaired students was selected as sample of the research. Content validity of the research tool found with the guidelines of different experts of the field of special educational research. Their opinions and remarks are used to update the research tool. Reliability of the Research tool was founded by using percentage method in excel sheet. This study was significant for students because special Education provide adequate learning environment students with special needs and for teachers because it empowers them to be an advocate for social justice, inside and outside the classroom, parents to know understanding of a child's social emotional development.

Keywords: Special Education; Hearng Impaired Children; Soial Survey; Emotional Development.

SINO-RUSSIA CYBER ALLIANCE: AI-DRIVEN THREATS TO US NATIONAL SECURITY

2025-01-28T14:11:29+00:00

The Sino-Russian cyber alliance represents a formidable challenge to U.S. national security, characterized by its focus on leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance cyber warfare capabilities. This partnership exploits vulnerabilities in democratic institutions, targets critical infrastructure, and undermines global stability. By analysing the evolution of this alliance and its AI-driven strategies, this research examines the historical and contemporary dimensions that underpin their objectives to counter U.S. dominance and promote a multipolar world order. The study explores how AI technology has enabled China and Russia to conduct advanced cyber operations, including precision strikes, automated reconnaissance, and large-scale disinformation campaigns. Their coordinated policies, such as China’s "Cyber Sovereignty" doctrine and Russia’s "Sovereign Internet" law, have fortified their domestic digital control while fostering deeper collaboration in intelligence sharing and offensive strategies. The integration of AI into cyber operations has also elevated threats to critical infrastructure, such as energy grids and healthcare systems, amplifying the economic and security risks to the U.S. This paper highlights key elements of the Sino-Russian alliance, including their shared resources, joint operations, and policy alignment, which collectively shape global cyber norms in their favour. It concludes with actionable recommendations for U.S. policymakers to strengthen national cybersecurity defences, mitigate risks to critical infrastructure, and foster international alliances to counterbalance the growing influence of this cyber partnership.

Keywords: Cyber Warfare, Artificial Intelligence, Sino-Russian Alliance, U.S. National Security, Critical Infrastructure, Disinformation Campaigns

THE ROLE OF THE SEERAH IN PROMOTING ISLAMIC IDENTITY IN NON-MUSLIM CULTURES

2025-01-29T09:09:04+00:00

The Seerah, the life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), plays an important part in creating awareness of the Islamic identity within the non-Muslim communities. This paper investigates the Seerah not solely as a source of motivation, but also as a means of cultural integration as well as a vehicle for promoting communication. The Seerah adorning the characteristics, leadership, and social responsibility of the Prophet projects Muslims as overriding their values while living in differing cultural settings. It focuses on justice, mercy, tolerance, and good conduct, which together constitute a strong Islamic identity that is in line with the global approach. In societies where Islam is not the dominant religion, the Seerah’s contribution interacts not only with the other religions but also with other cultures. In dealing with people of other religions, the Prophet employed the tenets and practices of coexistence and understanding so as to provide ways of overcoming boundaries of culture. The Seerah also plays a part in creating good images of Islam by attacking misconceptions and stereotypes which lead to non-Muslims showing empathy and respect for Islam. It also fosters constructive community-building which promotes social unity, justice, and equality. The Seerah in a non-Muslim setting requires outreach programs like interfaith contact, education and culture. Such strategies position the Seerah’s universal messages to wider reach out to both Muslims and non-Moslems. This activity reinforces not only the Islamic identity but also peace, coexistence and progression in a multicultural environment. In the end, the Seerah is a means of changing individuals and communities regardless of their religion and culture. It gives hope for the better development and resolutions of today’s issues without losing noted Islamic essence. By learning and practicing the teachings of the Seerah, people can build a better world based on thoughtful, compassionate and universal governance as left by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Keywords: Seerah, Islamic Identity, Non-Muslim Cultures, Interfaith Dialogue, Cultural Interaction, Social Cohesion

DISCOURSES OF WOMEN’S SUBALTERNITY AND RESISTANCE IN THE POETRY OF SHAH LATIF

2025-01-30T17:46:57+00:00

The present study seeks to investigate the concept of women’s subalternity and resistance depicted in the poetry of Shah Latif, a famous Sindhi mystic poet of the 18^th century. This study is grounded in the Subaltern Studies perspective in which the powerlessness of the poor and oppressed people is highlighted in different historical and literary writings. The present study has analysed Sur Samundhi, Sur Kamod and Sur Marvi of Shah Latif and has found the elements of powerlessness and resistance of the subaltern women in front of the dominant male of their own community and that of the elite community using “weapons of the weak” in their everyday resistance against the powerful.

Keywords: Subalternity, Resistance, Shah Latif, Women

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF THE WORD REVELATION “WAHI” IN THE HOLY QURAN AND THEIR USE

2025-01-31T20:48:50+00:00

This research paper explores the various meanings and usages of the term "Wahy" (revelation) in the Qur'an. The study delves into its multiple interpretations, including Taqwini Wahy (the cosmic order), Wahy in terms of verbal communication to prophets, Wahy as an indication or signal, Wahy as the sending of a message or information, and Wahy as whispers or satanic suggestions. The paper discusses how the Qur'an uses the term "Wahy" in different contexts, emphasizing the diverse forms of divine communication, and the distinction between Allah's guidance and satanic whispers. The importance of this topic lies in its ability to clarify the concept of divine revelation in Islam, which is central to understanding the communication between Allah and His messengers. By studying these various meanings of Wahy, this research provides deeper insight into how divine messages were conveyed to the prophets and how they are understood in Islamic thought. The objectives of this study are to examine the different connotations of "Wahy" in the Qur'an, analyze its implications in various contexts, and highlight the differences between divine guidance and the misleading whispers of Satan. Furthermore, this research aims to explore how these forms of revelation impact the beliefs and practices of Muslims. The study concludes with the following recommendations: Further research should be conducted on the different meanings of "Wahy" in Qur'anic studies. Scholars should enhance their understanding of divine revelation through systematic analysis of classical and contemporary exegeses. In-depth research on the effects of Taqwini Wahy in the natural world should be encouraged. Examples of Wahy as an indication should be studied further to better understand its role in guiding human behavior. Awareness programs should be held to educate the public on the distinction between divine guidance and satanic whispers.

Keywords: Revelation, Types of Revelation, Direct and Indirect Revelation, Revelation to Prophets and Non-Prophets, Revelation in Dreams, Modes of Revelation in Islam

THE EXTENT OF TAFSIR OF THE QUR'AN NARRATED FROM THE MESSENGER OF ALLAH ﷺ: RESEARCH AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE OPINIONS OF SCHOLARS

2025-01-31T21:08:51+00:00

The Quran is the divine revelation from Allah, sent to guide humanity until the Day of Judgment. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is regarded as the primary interpreter of the Quran, as mandated by Allah. His explanations were conveyed through his sayings, actions, and approvals, forming the foundation of Islamic teachings. However, scholars differ on the extent to which he explained the Quran’s meanings. Some, like Ibn Taymiyyah, argue that the Prophet provided a comprehensive explanation, while others, including Al-Suyuti, believe he clarified only selective verses. This paper critically examines both perspectives, analyzing their arguments and evaluating the scope of the Prophet’s exegesis. It also highlights the transmission of Quranic interpretation through the Companions, the Successors, and subsequent Islamic scholars. While significant Arabic literature exists on this topic, systematic research in Urdu remains scarce. This study is structured into four discussions: (1) Definition of Tafsir, (2) Arguments of scholars who assert that the Prophet ﷺ explained all meanings, (3) Arguments of scholars who claim he did not, and (4) A comparative analysis of both viewpoints.

Keywords: Hadith-based Tafsir, Qur'anic Exegesis Scholarly Opinions, Comparative Analysis, Early Tafsir Traditions, Qur'anic Sciences (Uloom al-Qur'an).

HOPE AMIDST STRUGGLE: THE SYMBOLIC ROLE OF THE SON'S BIRTH IN KHALED HOSSEINI'S NOVEL A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

2025-02-06T20:46:17+00:00

Khaled Hosseini uses the birth of a son in his novel A Thousand Splendid Suns as a symbol of hope amid the conflict and oppression of women in an Afghan society. This scene in the novel is not just significant for its literal meaning; it symbolizes hope, change, and the strength of Afghan women. Hosseini envelops readers into both private stories and public issues skillfully; the birth embodies themes of power, renewal, and the resilience that is inherent in the human spirit. The birth of the son also marks a turning point in Laila's struggle against oppression and for her renewed hope for herself and her children. This paper aims to discuss the thematic and symbolic meaning of this event, linking it to the socio-political development of Afghanistan and its problems. Using the themes of motherhood, tenacity, and even social commentary, this paper situates the son’s birth as a narrative device that drives Hosseini’s overarching message of hope and perseverance amidst adversity. In addition to this analysis, the paper also revives general connotations of this symbolic moment and their applicability to present-day discourses on gender, culture, and perseverance.

Keywords: Afghan women, Symbolism, Pashtun Culture, Son’s birth, Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns.

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF MURAD ALI SHAH’S SPEECH IN 4TH RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY SHOWCASE 2025

2025-02-06T20:56:23+00:00

This study examines a critical discourse analysis of Murad Ali Shah’s speech. Shah’s address criticising professors and vice chancellors with Ph.D. degrees. The research employs Van Dijk’s discourse methods from 1991, 1995, and 2006. This study seeks to demonstrate how Murad Ali Shah ideologically employed these discursive methods in the affirmative discourse of the US (Sindh Government) and the adverse discourse of THEM (university administration, particularly Ph.D. professors). The analysis revealed that Shah ideologically employed discourse tactics in nearly all of Shah’s speech for political purposes. Language functions as a powerful tool in politics, playing a vital role in the contest for power to maintain and implement particular views and goals. Language undeniably has aspects that reveal various intended meanings expressed in political speeches, manipulate, plan, accompany, and organise all political endeavours. The efficacy of political speeches depends on fulfilling criteria such as rationality, credibility, and emotional resonance. Credibility is achieved by holding a certain degree of authority and comprehension of the relevant problem. Logical coherence is apparent when the discourse is lucid and comprehensible to the audience. Furthermore, forging an emotional bond with the audience is crucial for capturing and sustaining their attention. This study aims to plead with politicians to refrain from using language imbued with ideology, authority, discrimination, and power, as such rhetoric adversely affects innocent civilians.

Keywords: CDA, Political Discourse, Power, Discrimination, Discourse, Ideology, Authority.

ISLAMOPHOBIA: CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND RESPONSES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2025-02-13T10:51:14+00:00

Islamophobia has become a pervasive global issue in the 21st century, characterized by prejudice, discrimination, and hostility towards Islam and Muslims. This phenomenon is fueled by historical biases, media representation, political rhetoric, and socio-economic factors. The rise of Islamophobia has contributed to widespread marginalization, hate crimes, and restrictive policies targeting Muslim communities, leading to social fragmentation and the erosion of multicultural values. Furthermore, Islamophobia exacerbates global tensions, influencing immigration policies, counterterrorism strategies, and international relations. This paper critically examines the causes, manifestations, and consequences of Islamophobia while highlighting its impact on individuals and societies. The study also explores governmental, institutional, and grassroots responses, including legal frameworks, educational initiatives, and interfaith dialogue aimed at countering Islamophobia. By analyzing contemporary developments, the research emphasizes the need for inclusive policies, media accountability, and intercultural engagement to mitigate the adverse effects of Islamophobia and foster a more cohesive and tolerant global society. Addressing Islamophobia requires a multidimensional approach that integrates policy reforms, public awareness campaigns, and community-based initiatives. The findings underscore that combating Islamophobia is essential for promoting social harmony, protecting human rights, and ensuring democratic values in an increasingly interconnected world.

Keywords: Islamophobia, Discrimination, Hate Crimes, Multiculturalism, Media Bias, Policy Responses, Interfaith Dialogue, Counterterrorism, Religious Tolerance, Global Security

LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY IN URDU LITERATURE

2025-02-19T19:09:50+00:00

This article explores the intricate relationship between language and identity in Urdu literature, emphasizing how linguistic expressions shape personal and collective identities. Urdu, as a historically rich and culturally significant language, has been instrumental in constructing narratives that define individual and communal self-perceptions. Drawing on postcolonial theory and linguistic anthropology, this research examines Urdu literary texts spanning different historical periods, highlighting their role in shaping identity discourses. The paper delves into the evolution of Urdu literature, from its Persianate influences in the Mughal era to its transformation under colonial and postcolonial conditions. It explores key themes such as nationalism, gender, religious identity, and socio-political movements, demonstrating how Urdu literature negotiates and asserts diverse identities. Additionally, the study analyzes language policies, linguistic movements, and their impact on the development of Urdu literary traditions, showcasing how language politics influences cultural representation. By examining select Urdu literary works, the research underscores the fluid and dynamic nature of identity, arguing that literature serves as both a mirror and a medium for identity formation. The discussion also engages with the complexities of multilingual societies, where Urdu interacts with other linguistic traditions, leading to hybrid and contested identities. Ultimately, this study contributes to a broader understanding of how Urdu literature functions as a vehicle for identity construction, resistance, and adaptation, offering insights into the socio-political and cultural forces that continue to shape language and identity in South Asia. The findings highlight the enduring relevance of Urdu literature in contemporary debates on identity and linguistic diversity.

Keywords: Urdu Literature, Language and Identity, Postcolonial Theory, Linguistic Anthropology, Nationalism, Gender Identity, Religious Identity, Language Politics, Colonialism, Multilingualism, Cultural Representation, South Asian Studies

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE 2022 FLOODS ON PAKISTAN: AN ANALYSIS

2025-02-20T17:02:56+00:00

The recent floods in Pakistan in the year 2022 are considered the worst calamities of Pakistan’s history, which affected the lives of millions of people. Based on current literary works and present data, this research focuses on the socio-economic impacts of the 2022 floods in Pakistan. The findings of this research intend to address the 2022 floods' subsequent consequences on agriculture, infrastructure, health, education, and livelihoods. Examining the multiple sectors that affect marginalized groups – across all provinces of Pakistan. The qualitative method is used to assess the vulnerability of key sectors and their holistic impact on the country's economic stability by analyzing the primary and secondary sources. In addition to the detailed analysis of the socioeconomic impacts of flooding, the research also gives the evaluation of the cost of damages with the recovery expenses, rehabilitation, and reconstruction efforts made by the Government to deal with the disaster. Pakistan could tackle the disaster consequences and handle future risks after adopting risk reduction strategies with developmental frameworks and introducing effective disaster management policies to the existing system.

Keywords: 2022 Floods, Socio-Economic Impacts, Pakistan, Disaster Management

RELIGION, RECOGNITION, AND ANCESTRIES OF ISLAMIST POLITICAL THOUGHT; TRACING THE ENTSTEHUNG GENEALOGY OF HEZBOLLAH AND HAMAS

2025-02-20T17:51:04+00:00

Foucault’s genealogy is critical in understanding the contingent features of history. Considering the Entstehung genealogy, this article aims at examining the emergence of Hezbollah and Hamas, with a focus on their political recognition and religious foundations. Utilizing a comparative historical analysis, the study explores how their emergence have been shaped by historical forces including resistance discourse, colonialism, and Islamist political thought. The article is a descriptive analysis revealing that both the groups share Islamist roots yet Islamist political thought itself is influenced by socio-political contexts of time. Also, the analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of how religious ideologies, over time have influenced recognition and political legitimacy in volatile regions.

Keywords: Genealogy, Contingency, Entstehung, Hurkunft, Ursprung, Deconstruction, Recognizability.

MUEENA NUSRAT: A FORGOTTEN POETESS OF HYDERABAD, SINDH

2025-02-25T12:04:04+00:00

Hyderabad is a popular region in terms of poetry and literature. Many literary figures were born from here. Hyderabad is full of such figures. However, some literary figures are not mentioned. One of such unknown literary figures is Moina Nusrat (2011-1931). Moina Nusrat was the younger sister of Khaliq Ibrahim Khaliq (2006-1926). She migrated with her family after the partition of India and settled in Hyderabad, Sindh. She married twice but had no children. She spent most of her life in Hyderabad. He spent the last days of his life in Karachi and passed away there. Dadhyal, Nanhyal and his family were endowed with excellent literary taste. There were also poets among them. He was inspired by this environment to write poetry and prose. His special tendency in poetry was towards ghazals. During his studies, he came across the poetic side of his school teacher Fida Khalidi (1920-2001), and thus he started taking corrections from him. Miraj Jami, Aftab Mutthar, Muhammad Islam, and Sabih Rahmani are his teachers. He used to participate in poetry festivals in Karachi and Hyderabad, especially literary meetings. Several poets were also read in India. His only collection of poetry, "The Colors of Pictures", was published in Hyderabad in 1990. The collection includes hymns, naats, and 62 ghazals. Includes commentary by Fida Khalidi, Farid Shamsi (Alig) and Allama Nashur Wahidi (Kanpuri). The mention of Moina Nusrat as a poet is the discovery of the missing link in poetry and literature, and it is a step towards completing the mention of Hyderabad poets.

Keywords: Hyderabad Sindh. Poetry and Literature. Moina Nusrat. Book. Missing Link. Fida Khalidi. Allama Nashur Wahidi

THE IMPACT OF PANDEMICS ON PAKISTAN'S HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: LESSONS FROM COVID-19

2025-03-05T13:29:02+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical strengths and weaknesses in Pakistan's healthcare system, offering valuable lessons for future pandemic preparedness. This study evaluates Pakistan's response to the pandemic, focusing on the healthcare system's capacity, resource allocation, and policy implementation. Despite limited resources, Pakistan demonstrated resilience through rapid mobilization of healthcare workers, establishment of temporary treatment centers, and effective public awareness campaigns. The country's experience with polio eradication and disease surveillance systems provided a foundation for managing COVID-19. However, significant challenges emerged, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure, shortages of medical supplies, and disparities in access to care between urban and rural areas. Weaknesses in data collection and coordination between federal and provincial authorities further hindered the response. The study highlights the importance of investing in healthcare infrastructure, strengthening disease surveillance, and improving intergovernmental coordination to enhance pandemic preparedness. Lessons from COVID-19 underscore the need for equitable healthcare access, robust supply chains, and community engagement to mitigate the impact of future health crises. By addressing these gaps, Pakistan can build a more resilient healthcare system capable of responding effectively to pandemics and other public health emergencies.

Keywords: COVID-19, Pakistan, healthcare system, pandemic response, public health, healthcare infrastructure, disease surveillance

THE ROLE OF MENTAL WELL-BEING, SPIRITUALITY, AND POSITIVE THINKING IN REDUCING SUICIDE TENDENCY: A REGRESSION ANALYSIS

2025-03-05T19:11:20+00:00

Suicide is a growing public health concern, and understanding its psychological and emotional determinants is crucial for effective prevention strategies. The study explores the relationship between spirituality, well-being, positive thinking, and suicide tendency among university students. A sample of 490 students, with an equal number of male and female participants, was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through standardized psychological scales, including the Multi-Attitude Suicide Tendency Scale (MAST) to assess suicide tendencies, the Positive Thinking Scale (PTS) to measure optimism and constructive thought patterns, the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) to evaluate overall mental well-being, and the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) to assess the role of spirituality in daily life. Regression analysis showed that mental well-being and spirituality significantly reduce suicide tendency. A one-unit increase in well-being led to a 0.77-unit reduction (p = 0.00), while spirituality led to a 0.26-unit reduction (p = 0.00). Positive thinking showed a 0.21-unit reduction but was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Together, these variables accounted for 29% of the variation in suicide tendency, highlighting their importance in mental health outcomes. The findings align with existing literature, emphasizing the protective role of mental well-being and spirituality in reducing suicidal ideation. The study underscores the need for mental health interventions incorporating spirituality, positive psychology, and well-being strategies to mitigate suicide risk among young adults.

Keywords: Spirituality; Well-being; Positive Thinking; Suicide Tendency; Mental Health

THE INFORMAL ECONOMY IN PAKISTAN: SIZE, SCOPE, AND POLICY CHALLENGES

2025-03-06T16:34:37+00:00

The informal economy in Pakistan, estimated to constitute between 35% and 55% of the country's GDP and employing 73% of its labor force, plays a critical yet underrecognized role in sustaining livelihoods and driving economic activity. This sector encompasses a wide range of unregulated and unrecorded activities, including small-scale manufacturing, street vending, and unregistered transportation services, which provide essential goods and services to millions. Despite its significant contributions, the informal economy faces systemic challenges such as limited access to credit, social protection, and legal recognition, hindering its formalization and growth. This paper explores the size, scope, and policy challenges of Pakistan's informal economy, emphasizing its economic and social impacts, as well as the barriers to formalization. By analyzing key sectors, estimating the informal sector's size, and examining existing policies, the study highlights the need for innovative strategies to integrate the informal economy into the formal system. Addressing these challenges is crucial for fostering inclusive and sustainable development, improving livelihoods, and unlocking the hidden potential of this vast and complex sector.

Keywords: Informal Economy, Pakistan, Economic Informality, Labor Force, Formalization, Policy Challenges, Social Protection, Economic Inclusion, Sustainable Development, Unregulated Employment

PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT WITH AFRICAN NATIONS: TRADE, AID, AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

2025-03-06T18:33:27+00:00

Pakistan’s engagement with African nations has evolved over the years, encompassing trade, aid, and diplomatic relations. Historically, Pakistan established early ties with African countries during their post-colonial independence, offering diplomatic support, technical assistance, and educational scholarships. These relationships have been further strengthened through mutual cooperation in areas such as defense, trade, and cultural exchanges. Despite these efforts, Pakistan’s trade with Africa remains limited, accounting for less than 1.5% of Africa’s total imports, with challenges such as high tariffs, logistical issues, and competition from global players like China and India. However, opportunities for growth exist in sectors such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, and mining, where Pakistan has a comparative advantage. Pakistan’s diplomatic relations with Africa are multifaceted, involving participation in international organizations, peacekeeping missions, and cultural exchanges. The establishment of the Pak-African Friendship and Solidarity Network aims to foster mutual support and collaboration, particularly in defense, science, and technology. Despite these initiatives, Pakistan faces significant challenges, including infrastructural limitations, political constraints, and Africa’s geopolitical instability. To enhance its engagement, Pakistan must focus on niche industries, expand its export base, and invest in sustainable development projects in Africa. This paper highlights the historical context, current dynamics, and future prospects of Pakistan-Africa relations, emphasizing the need for strategic partnerships that benefit both regions. By leveraging its youthful population and improving economic conditions, Pakistan can transition from being a recipient of aid to a provider of development assistance, fostering long-term growth and mutual prosperity.

Keywords: Pakistan, Africa, Trade Relations, Diplomatic Engagement, Aid, Economic Cooperation, Strategic Partnerships, Development Assistance,

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

2025-03-06T20:12:00+00:00

The rich cultural legacy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is seriously threatened by climate change. Ancient monuments, historic sites, and archaeological riches are being destroyed by rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and a rise in the frequency of extreme weather events. Landslides and floods can cause damage to the region's famous Buddhist ruins, like Abba sahib china (swat), Aziz Dheri, Hund museum(Swabi),Kafirkot (Dera Ismail khan), Buner and Takht-i-Bahi, Jamal Ghari(Mardan), and temperature changes can harm the priceless treasures of the Gandhara culture. Furthermore, the customs, folklore, and indigenous knowledge of the affected populations are being undermined by migration and relocation brought on by climate change. This study highlights the critical need for conservation efforts and adaptive solutions to preserve the region's priceless history and identity by examining the damaging effects of climate change on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's cultural heritage.

Keywords: Climat Change, Gandhara, Takht-i-Bahi, Hund museum, cultural heritage,

BARRIERS TO EDUCATION FOR AFGHAN WOMEN: A STUDY OF MIGRATION, REPATRIATION, AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

2025-03-07T04:47:29+00:00

Forced Migration has created numerous social, economic, healths, educational and legal challenges for Afghan women. However, the situation in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover remains unfavorable for their return and a quality life^[1]. This study investigates the impact of migration on educational status of Afghan women residing in three Camps in Charsadda’ Utmanzai, Hajjizai, and Munda. Using a mix method research design, incorporating Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and semi-structured interviews the study explores how migration has affected Afghan women’s access to education. The findings reveal that Afghan girls living in these camps are less motivated to pursue education due to their parents’ poor economic conditions, and the lack of nearby schools. As a result, uneducated parents are inclined to favor early marriages and confine their daughters to domestic roles. This raises a critical question: what will be the future of Afghan women’s education after their repatriation and reintegration into Afghanistan.

Keywords: Barriers, Education, Afghan Women, Migration, Repatriation

[1] Personal Interview with Malik Hameed Ul Rehman at Uthmanzai Camp, Charsadda, December 2024.

UNVEILING THE EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SHAH ABDUL LATIF’S POETRY

2025-03-07T08:07:50+00:00

This research paper explains the educational significance of Shah Latif’s poetry in its depiction of Sindhi language, history cultural and moral values. His poetry is a powerful source to understand the multiple dimensions of Sindh and its ancient heritage. Through critical analysis of his poetry the main objectives of this research is to highlights its real potential to transfer the landscapes, linguistic variations, historical and cultural contexts of Sindh to the new learners and students. Also, this research emphasizes the importance literary analysis to dig out the cultural values rooted in Shah Latif’s poetry and promoting inter-cultural appreciation within education. Shah Latif’s poetry can contribute to a more comprehensive and culturally responsive approach to teach the language and literature. In connection, this research paper emphasizes the impact of Shah Latif’s poetry on Pakistan’s educational system.

Keywords: Shah Latif, Poetry, Education, Language, History, Sindhi Culture

UPLIFTING STATUS OF PAKISTAN IN GLOBAL MARKET: EXPLOITING WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) RULES WITHIN COMPETITION POLICY

2025-03-09T16:31:08+00:00

Since government investment and trade barriers have declined, there are apprehensions that the advancements from such liberalization may be disgruntled by private anti-competitive practices. As a result, the general consensus is that sound economic development is achievable through mutually supportive trade and competition policies. Competition policy comprises of antitrust policy (comprising of merger regulation and control) but is continually enlarged to encompass international trade measures and other policies that affect the structure, conduct, and performance of individual industries. This development has transpired the economic transformation viewed globally and leading to an increase reliance on the market mechanism. The influence of the transference has been particularly felt in the realms of the developing countries which have made a dramatic switch toward market- oriented and investment friendly policies. Moreover, the developing countries benefit from the special provisions of WTO including, extended time periods for implementing commitment and agreements, and measures to improve trading opportunities for developing countries. Notwithstanding these advancements, the time requires now for Pakistan to device a complete and effective set of rules in order to compete with the global market. A growing concern in this regard is import policies based on tariff regimes. It has been observed that a developing nation like Pakistan needs to take lesson from the economies of countries like Thailand and India and how they worked on certain key industries such as the infant industries in order to achieve a concrete economic status within a few years. This paper aims to analyze the need of an effective competition policy with respect to growth of local industry within Pakistan. In this paper, research is based on analysis of statistical data and opinions of the people learned in the subject, it also highlights certain loopholes in the economic policies of Pakistan and lastly provides a solution to these issues in light of certain major industries of the country. The paper argues that Capacity building can only be achieved through mutual consensus, regional and global cooperation and a more effective round of ideas that can shift positively towards a more economic efficient policy.

Keywords: Internationalization, Globalization, Competition law, Competition Policies, Infant Industry Protection, WTO, Economic Policies, Trade, Regional Cooperation

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LEGITIMACY OF ABORTION IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE

2025-03-11T05:33:23+00:00

Abortion is one of the debatable topics faced by the human community these days and a matter of profound debate in penal law due to special circumstances i.e, abortion for controlling birth, abortion in rape cases, and termination of the fetus on the ground where the human body is considered to be personal property and legitimacy of abortion due to fetus abnormalities. So, according to Islamic law abortion is prohibited except in certain cases. Islam respects both the life of the fetus and mother and prevents danger to the lives of both. Sharia rulings permit abortion only on the ground when doctors examine with surety that the maintenance of pregnancy will put the existence of the expectant mother at risk. The legitimacy of this justification for abortion may be related to the Islamic legal principle known as al-ahammwa 'l-muhimm, which refers to the smaller of two damages that are acknowledged (the most important and the least important). The consequences of illegal abortion are very alarming because it is harmful to the health of women and also puts in danger a new life as well as Islam and other countries firmly discourage it. However, the grounds for legitimizing abortion in crucial cases differ in Islam and secular laws as situations vary from case to case. In many countries, Abortion is carried out as a method of family planning. There are limited clinical causes for abortion that represent a low proportion of all cases of abortion. This paper discusses abortion concerning international, Pakistani, and sharia law.

Keywords: Abortion, Women, Rape, Fetus, Islamic Law, Embryo

COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIORS TOWARDS SOP'S OF COVID 19: A STUDY OF DISTRICT RAJANPUR

2025-03-11T18:28:48+00:00

Present study is conducted to understand the people ‘s knowledge, attitude and the behaviour towards the COVID-19 SOPs in district Rajanpur of Punjab Province Pakistan. The study is based on the quantitative method consisted on the 25 questions of “yes, no and sometimes” measures. Selected sample is 300 participants living in the district Rajanpur. The data is analyzed through Microsoft Excel 2016 and frequencies and the percentages are calculated. The results of the study describe that the people of Rajanpur have a high understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic situation and have great beliefs in adoption of the SOP’s. The study also finds the adoption of the SOP’s is due to the precautions recommended by the state of Pakistan. This study also finds that knowledge and awareness play an important role in social distancing and helps to check the outbreak of the pandemic too. The study recommends that knowledge plays an important role in cognitive development so the stakeholders would adopt the knowledge spreading strategy to ensure the social distancing in case of any pandemic.

Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, SOP’s, COVID-19

THE POLITICS OF ETHNONATIONALISM IN PAKISTAN: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

2025-03-11T18:57:19+00:00

The rise of ethno-nationalist movements in different parts of the world is a scorching issue. South Asia is an ethnically, culturally and religiously diverse region containing various ethnic and religious communities and the rise of ethnic movements is also widespread including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan is an ethnically diverse state. There are two types of ethno-nationalist movements in Pakistan. The first demands complete separation from the state and the second talks about the provincial autonomy and fundamental rights provided within the constitutional framework and it also demands the creation of new provinces. There are two parts of the present study. In the first part, the research focuses on the rise of the ethno-nationalist movements in Pakistan especially in the Hazara and Seraiki regions. The second part discusses the ethno-nationalist movement and human rights given in the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973.

Keywords: Ethno-nationalism, Pakistan, Movements, Demand, Human Rights.

FUTURE OF JOBS AND EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS IN PAKISTAN: A STUDY OF REIMAGINING EDUCATIONAL DOMAINS

2025-03-12T09:06:38+00:00

Pakistan’s future job market depends on the innovation and restructuring of its education system. With the emergence of new technologies, the proliferation of automation, and globalization, the demand for a modern workforce with skills such as digital literacy, critical thinking, and adaptiveness continues to grow. Despite this, Pakistan’s approach to education remains stagnant, relying on outdated curricula and rote memorization, which does not meet the standards of the international job market. Major issues include the absence of practical training, minimal industrial engagement, and extensive gaps in providing favourable education in rural regions. Pakistan’s graduate skill sets are mismatched to the employer’s requirements, which results in high unemployment rates among the youth. These deficiencies highlight the need for comprehensive reform in the employment educational setting of STEM and vocational schools and the integration of legislative and entrepreneurial elements for middle and high schools. Furthermore, this article highlights the unparalleled contribution that government-funded and private educational institutions can provide to ensure formulated training to perform these practical tasks. Revamping educational sectors in Pakistan is key to having an able and skilled workforce to tackle a globalized problem. Furthermore, it helps in fostering sustainable economic growth.

Keywords: Pakistan, Education Reform, Job Market, Technological Advancement, Vocational Training, STEM Education, Public-Private Partnerships, Workforce Development, Global Economy, Skills Gap

CHINA’S BRI PROJECT VERSUS AMERICA’S INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2025-03-12T14:20:01+00:00

The research aims to discuss and analyze the major motives and the strategic approaches of China’s BRI and US Indo-Pacific strategy in their geo-politics of contestation to shape the global world order and regional dynamics. The BRI’s central focus is on investment projects, economic cooperation, integration and connectivity among major continents across Asia, Africa and Europe whereas the counter strategy of US is Indo-Pacific strategy that focuses on free and open Indo-Pacific region in the form of formation of multiple anti-China alliances of Quad, AUKUS and ANZUS countering China’s growing assertive dominance. A comparative analysis of both geo-political policies particularly in Southeast Asia will provide insight into power dynamics, formation of alliances and being responsive towards global challenges.

Keywords: China, BRI, Indo-Pacific, America, Alliances

THE INTERPLAY OF LOVE AND MYSTICISM IN URDU POETRY: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

2025-03-12T16:09:37+00:00

Urdu poetry has long been a rich tapestry of emotions, spirituality, and philosophical depth, with the themes of love and mysticism playing a central role. This article explores the intricate relationship between Ishq-e-Majazi (worldly love) and Ishq-e-Haqiqi (divine love) in Urdu poetry, tracing their evolution from the early to the modern era. The study highlights how poets like Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib, and Allama Iqbal have woven these themes into their works, creating a unique blend of emotional and spiritual expression. The article also examines the use of Sufi symbols such as "wine," "tavern," "the mystic," and "the seeker" in Urdu poetry, which serve as metaphors for spiritual enlightenment. Furthermore, it delves into the philosophical underpinnings of love and mysticism, analyzing their impact on society, literature, and thought. Through this exploration, the article aims to shed light on how the fusion of love and mysticism has shaped Urdu poetry, making it a profound and timeless art form.

Keywords: Urdu Poetry, Love And Mysticism, Ishq-E-Majazi, Ishq-E-Haqiqi, Sufi Symbols, Emotional Expression, Sufism In Literature.