Sociology & Cultural Research Review

The Political Economy of Corruption and Its Impact on Governance in Pakistan

2025-04-06T10:40:35+00:00

Corruption in Pakistan is a pervasive issue that undermines governance, economic development, and societal trust. This study examines the political economy of corruption, exploring its historical roots, institutional manifestations, and systemic impact on governance. Corruption in Pakistan spans multiple sectors, including politics, public services, and business, fueled by weak institutional capacity, political patronage, and societal norms. The paper highlights how corruption erodes public trust, distorts economic growth, and perpetuates inequality, with Pakistan ranking poorly on global corruption indices. Case studies illustrate systemic abuses, such as cronyism in state enterprises and electoral malpractice. Despite anti-corruption frameworks and international cooperation, challenges persist due to lack of political will, accountability, and civic engagement. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen institutions, enhance transparency, and promote civic participation to combat corruption effectively.

Keywords: Corruption, Governance, Political Economy, Pakistan, Institutional Weakness, Transparency, Accountability, Economic Development

Modern Technology Improves Educational System

2025-04-06T11:00:06+00:00

As we know that technology is a gift of God Almighty, after the wonderful gift of life it is conceivably the best of God's blessing. Rather we can say it is the mother of modern civilizations, of arts and all sciences. Use of technology has positively brought changes in the ways we live in this planet. The importance of technology in our education system cannot be ignored anyway. The present research paper discussed how the application of technology in education system has modernized and how technology has revolutionized in field of our education system. Technology has a positive impact on education and at the same time may also pose negative effects. Teachers and students should take advantage of this in the good light and remove the drawbacks which are pulled back many of students as well as schools from achieved excellence. It is thus time for every country to introduce a more technologically equipped education sector in the future.

Keywords: Modern Technology, Educational System, Schools, Teachers

Exploring the Relationship between Health Consciousness and Organic Food Consumption: A Case Study in District, Faisalabad

2025-04-06T14:36:49+00:00

This study explores the relationship between health consciousness and organic food consumption, focusing on the attitudes and intentions of university students in District Faisalabad, Pakistan. As health concerns and environmental consciousness rise globally, understanding consumer behavior towards organic food has become critical. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire to gather data from 200 students. The findings indicate that health-conscious individuals exhibit more favorable attitudes toward organic food consumption. Additionally, environmental concerns significantly influence purchasing intentions, while social influences and product availability play a secondary role. The study suggests that health and environmental benefits should be emphasized in marketing organic food to effectively target health-conscious consumers.

Keywords: Health Consciousness, Organic Food, Consumer Behavior, Purchasing Intentions

The Interplay of Water Scarcity and Non-Traditional Security in Pakistan

2025-04-07T13:37:44+00:00

This study explores the intricate relationship between water scarcity and non-traditional security threats in Pakistan, highlighting the growing urgency of sustainable water management in the face of climate change, population growth, and geopolitical challenges. Unlike traditional security threats cantered on military concerns, non-traditional security encompasses broader issues such as food insecurity, environmental degradation, economic instability, and social unrest, all of which are exacerbated by water scarcity. The paper analyzes how Pakistan's dwindling water resources, driven by inefficient irrigation practices, transboundary water tensions (particularly with India over the Indus Waters Treaty), and urbanization, are creating multidimensional threats to human security. It also examines the socio-political consequences of water insecurity, including rural-urban migration, interprovincial tensions, and the potential for civil strife. Using a qualitative approach grounded in policy analysis and empirical evidence, the study underscores the need for an integrated water governance framework that combines effective institutional mechanisms, regional cooperation, and public awareness initiatives. It argues that addressing water scarcity must go beyond infrastructural solutions to encompass legal, technological, and behavioural dimensions. The research concludes that water security is not merely an environmental concern but a national security imperative. It calls for a paradigm shift in Pakistan’s policy approach viewing water as a strategic asset and investing in sustainable resource management as a tool to pre-empt non-traditional security risks. The study contributes to the growing discourse on environmental security and offers policy recommendations tailored to Pakistan’s unique hydrological and geopolitical context.

Keywords: Water Scarcity, Non-Traditional Security, Pakistan, Indus Waters Treaty, Climate Change, Water Governance, Human Security, Environmental Conflict, Trans boundary Water, Sustainable Management

Deconstructing the Judgment of Mirza Shaukat Baig Vs. Shahid Jamil: Legal and Social Ramifications

2025-04-08T06:34:25+00:00

Based on the principles of interpretation outlined in numerous Supreme Court rulings, the dispute over Section 6 of the Anti-Terrorism Act (ATA), 1997, depended on different interpretations of the law. The case involved multiple interpretations of the term "terrorism" to determine whether the alleged offense qualified as such. The research examined the rules of interpretation, including the word's plain meaning, legislative intent, the impact of the preamble, and the binding authority of apex courts over subordinate courts. It was emphasized that when construing an Act, the Court must consider the entire scheme of the Act as revealed by the language throughout the enactment. Further, it is the mandate of the Court to interpret the law, not to create it, according to the correct and true meaning of words. In this instance, the definition of "terrorism" as it appears in Section 6 of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997 was at issue. The Supreme Court found that the High Court did not accord sufficient weight to the various decisions of the Supreme Court, which have explored varying interpretations and principles surrounding the word "terrorism.

Keywords: Section 6, Anti-Terrorism Act 1997, Terrorism, Statutory Interpretation Principles, Legislative Intent, Binding Precedent (Supreme Court Authority), Judicial Role

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and SDG 17 in Pakistan: Challenges & Opportunities

2025-04-08T15:21:12+00:00

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are pivotal in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17), which emphasizes global cooperation to drive sustainable development. In Pakistan, PPPs have the potential to address critical challenges in areas like infrastructure, health, education, and energy, but their effectiveness remains underexplored. This paper investigates the current role of PPPs in contributing to SDG 17 in Pakistan, identifying key challenges such as weak governance, financial constraints, and limited private sector engagement. Through a mixed-method approach that includes case studies, policy analysis, and stakeholder interviews, the study assesses both successful PPP models and existing barriers. The research highlights a significant gap in the literature on how to strengthen institutional frameworks and incentivize private sector collaboration to align with national development goals. Addressing this gap is essential for developing a coherent strategy that enhances the effectiveness of PPPs, promotes accountability, and fosters sustainable development in Pakistan.

Keywords: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17), Pakistan, Infrastructure Development, Private Sector Engagement, Governance Challenges

The Evolution of Pakistan’s Nuclear Policy: From Security Dilemma to Strategic Stability

2025-04-08T16:25:09+00:00

Pakistan’s nuclear policy has evolved significantly since its inception, driven by regional security dynamics and geopolitical challenges. The 1998 nuclear tests marked Pakistan’s formal entry into the nuclear club, a response to India’s tests and perceived existential threats. Rooted in a security dilemma stemming from the Indo-Pak rivalry, Pakistan’s nuclear program transitioned from a focus on minimum deterrence to full-spectrum deterrence under General Musharraf, aiming to balance India’s conventional and nuclear superiority. Historical milestones, such as the 1974 Indian nuclear test, accelerated Pakistan’s pursuit of nuclear capabilities, with clandestine collaborations and technological advancements playing pivotal roles. Internationally, Pakistan’s nuclear policy has been shaped by treaties like the NPT, though it remains outside the framework, citing regional asymmetries. Domestic factors, including civil-military relations and political discourse, further influence its nuclear posture. Despite concerns over proliferation, Pakistan has emphasized nuclear security through robust command structures and safeguards. Strategic stability in South Asia remains elusive, with ongoing arms races and mistrust complicating efforts for crisis stability. The document underscores Pakistan’s nuclear trajectory as a blend of defensive pragmatism and strategic necessity, highlighting its role in regional deterrence while acknowledging unresolved challenges.

Keywords: Pakistan, Nuclear Policy, Security Dilemma, Strategic Stability, Deterrence, India-Pakistan Rivalry, Nuclear Proliferation, Full-Spectrum Deterrence, Cold War Legacy, Regional Security

The Role of Progressive Urdu Poets in the Khilafat Movement

2025-04-10T18:36:21+00:00

The freedom struggle of India and the struggle for Pakistan is incomplete without discussing the stimulating role and contribution of the Urdu writers and poets to break the chain of slavery of the western domination, on the other hand, the poets played central role in propagating the agenda of the struggle for Pakistan as well as to create political awareness among the Indian Muslims in the undivided India. The present study aims to highlight the role and contribution of the progressive Urdu poets in the Khilafat Movement in Indo-Pak Sub-Continent, the study is historical in nature, secondary sources like books, articles and internet have been consulted to address the present work, it was found that the intellectuals in the shape of writers and poets have played an outstanding role in the freedom struggle and the struggle for Pakistan and on the basis of such, the Muslims of India remained successful in getting an independent state in the shape of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Keywords: Khilafat Movement, Progressive Urdu Poets, Freedom Struggle, Indo-Pak Subcontinent, Political Awareness, Urdu Literature, Anti-Colonialism

Is the “Evasion Principle” for Veil Piercing too unclear? Are we witnessing the downfall of the doctrine in light of Prest v

2025-04-12T18:08:41+00:00

In the corporate world of today, the phrase "lifting of the corporate veil" or 'disregarding of the corporate personality' is frequently used. The separate legal personalities of a company and its shareholders have frequently been asked to be disregarded by English courts. However, the UK courts hardly ever respond to this matter. The courts frequently state that they are reluctant to remove the corporate veil. In almost all situations, they attempt to preserve the corporate legal entity, even if doing so would require lifting the corporate veil and ensuring justice. This dissertation takes an effort to explain the hesitant attitude of the UK courts. In this context, references to a few cases have been made in order to understand the anatomy of the unwilling approach.

Keywords: Corporate Veil, Veil Piercing, Evasion Principle, Separate Legal Personality, Prest v Petrodel, UK Company Law, Corporate Legal Entity, Judicial Reluctance, Shareholder Liability

Leadership and Political Modernization: A Pathway to Democratic Governance

2025-04-13T15:09:01+00:00

Leadership plays a pivotal role in political modernization, which is essential for the establishment and sustainability of democratic governance. This article explores the intersection of leadership and political modernization, analyzing how leadership styles, strategies, and decisions influence the political transformation of societies, particularly in the context of developing democracies. Political modernization, often associated with institutional reforms, economic development, and the expansion of civil rights, is intricately linked to the type of leadership a nation experiences. Visionary leaders who promote democratic values can lead their nations towards stability and institutional robustness, while authoritarian or populist leaders may undermine the democratic process. The article examines key historical and contemporary case studies, such as Lee Kuan Yew’s leadership in Singapore and Nelson Mandela’s efforts in post-apartheid South Africa, illustrating the diverse pathways through which political modernization occurs. It also addresses the challenges faced by leaders, including corruption, military interference, and resistance to change. Furthermore, the article discusses the role of new leadership trends, including youth and gender-inclusive leadership, in shaping modern democratic governance. As globalization and technological advancements redefine political landscapes, the importance of effective leadership in fostering transparency, accountability, and civic participation is increasingly recognized. Ultimately, this article emphasizes that leadership is not only a catalyst for political change but also a critical force in guiding societies toward the realization of democratic ideals.

Keywords: Leadership, Political Modernization, Democratic Governance, Institutional Reforms, Visionary Leadership, Authoritarianism, Youth Leadership, Globalization, Civil Rights, Accountability

Challenges in the Progress of Women, s Political Participation in Pakistan

2025-04-13T15:38:26+00:00

The challenges and Progress of the political participation of women in Pakistan, a nation with a complicated sociopolitical environment, are examined in this study. Even though women have made great progress in recent decades, a number of obstacles still prevent them from fully participating in politics. The report draws attention to structural, cultural, and financial barriers include patriarchal norms, gender-based violence, low educational attainment, and the under-representation of women in important positions of political decision-making. The study evaluates the effects of these advancements on women's empowerment, voting behavior, and policymaking through qualitative data analysis. The article's conclusion makes suggestions for enhancing women's political participation in Pakistan going forward, highlighting the necessity of ongoing reforms, raising the awareness of the public, and establishing an atmosphere that encourages women to actively participate in politics.

Keywords: Women, Political Participation, Financial Barriers, Patriarchal Norms, Awareness

A Technical Analysis of Satire and Humor in Mushtaq Ahmed Yusufi's Prose

2025-04-14T11:49:53+00:00

Mushtaq Ahmed Yusufi's prose is renowned for its unique blend of satire and humor, which has become a hallmark of his literary style. His work is not merely entertaining; it serves as a powerful tool for social commentary, where humor and irony subtly critique societal norms, political realities, and human nature. Yusufi’s use of satire is characterized by its sharp wit and deep insight, often presenting a mirror to the complexities and contradictions within society. His writing, notably in works like "Khaakim Badahan" and "Chiragh Talay", seamlessly integrates humor with a reflective and philosophical tone, making it both intellectually stimulating and amusing. Yusufi’s mastery lies in his command over language, using metaphors, similes, and idiomatic expressions in a natural and profound manner. His sentence structures are crafted with precision, giving his prose an elegant flow that resonates with readers. The way he uses humor to explore deeper human emotions and societal flaws makes his works timeless. This article aims to delve into the technical aspects of Yusufi’s writing style, examining the stylistic devices he employs and the social contexts his humor addresses. It also explores how his works contribute to the broader tradition of Urdu satire and humor, highlighting his place in the modern literary canon. Through this analysis, we gain a deeper understanding of Yusufi's ability to merge entertainment with serious social commentary, cementing his status as one of the most influential figures in contemporary Urdu literature.

Keywords: Mushtaq Ahmed Yusufi, satire, humor, Urdu prose, literary style, social commentary, language mastery, metaphor, simile, philosophical tone, contemporary literature, Urdu satire

Path from Deviant Association, Passion for Religion and Dehumanization towards Self Sacrifice

2025-04-14T12:41:38+00:00

The present study investigates the predictive role of deviant association, passion for religion, and dehumanization in relation to self-sacrificial behavior. A total of 354 participants completed a set of validated self-report measures, including the Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS), Passion Scale, Self-Dehumanization Scale (SDS), and Self-Sacrifice Scale. The results shows that the overall regression model was significant and explained 20.5% of the variance in self-sacrifice (R² = .205, p < .001). Deviant association (B = .21, p < .01), passion for religion (B= .25, p < .001), and dehumanization (B = .17, p < .05) each emerged as significant positive predictors of self-sacrificial behavior. While correlational analysis revealed a non-significant relationship between deviant association and self-sacrifice (r = .118, p > .05), regression analysis shows a significant predictive role, which suggest that the influence of peer exposure may operate in more complex ways. Passion for religion and dehumanization also showed significant positive correlations with self-sacrifice, which support theoretical models such as the Dualistic Model of Passion and Radicalization Theory. The findings contribute to a growing body of literature on the psychological mechanisms underlying extreme prosocial behavior and highlight the importance of cognitive and social factors in predicting self-sacrifice.

Keywords: Deviant Association; Passion for Religion; Dehumanization; Self Sacrifice

Role of Language Learning Strategies (LLS) In Developing Writing Proficiency among ESL Learners: A Conceptual Study

2025-04-15T15:12:07+00:00

The current study illustrates the role of Language Learning Strategies (LLS) adopted by English language learners (ELLs) inside and outside classroom for developing writing proficiency at advanced level. Language learning strategies are one of widely addressed individual difference by the researchers and language practitioners. Students are different cognitively and they behave differently in personal and social domain. The current study is conceptual in nature where only conceptual part of the research has been covered by undergoing exhaustive reviews of the previously conducted researches in the relevant domain i.e. LLS. The findings obtained from the systematic and critical review of the process further made relevance with adopting better strategies to develop English proficiency among ELLs. It is significantly highlighted that writing proficiency can be enhanced through bring learners’ autonomy, making them practiced LLS, and motivating them to use affective strategies to develop interest in the language learning process. The study concludes with interactive methodological framework of integrating multi-dimensional language learning strategies to develop different components of writing skills among language learners.

Keywords: Language Learning Strategies (LLS); English Language Learners (ELLs); Writing Proficiency Skills (WPS); Systematic Reviews

Decoding Digital Humor: A Multimodal and Cyber-Pragmatic Study of Memes on Social Media

2025-04-15T16:43:12+00:00

Over time, memes have developed from simple image-text pairings into sophisticated digital artifacts that can convey humor, social commentary, or critique a culture. This study looks at the phenomenon of internet memes through the lenses of multimodality and cyberpragmatics as well as the humor, cultural commentary, and social critique they offer. Following a qualitative approach based on Susan Herring’s Faceted Classification Scheme and cyberpragmatic tenets, this research analyzes how the components of text, images, and platform-specific tools available on Instagram, Reddit, and Twitter interrelate to shape meaning. The results indicate that the technological structure of each platform affects how memes are created, interpreted, and shared, transforming them into communicative instruments tailored to specific contexts. Beyond Instagram’s focus on emotional and relatable visuals, Twitter uses word economy for satire and observational humor, while Reddit encourages exchange in participatory meme culture shaped by subcultures. Moreover, the research draws attention to memes as instruments for expressing social and political critique, fostering community solidarity, and support for a participatory culture. By combining multimodal approaches with framework analyses of platforms and digital discourse, this study helps conceptualize memes as flexible expressions with complex meaning and deep cultural significance that stand in constant evolution in regard to communication technology.

Keywords: Memes, Multimodality, Cyberpragmatics, Digital Communication, Social Commentary, Cultural Critique, Social Media Platforms, Meme Evolution, Platform Affordances, Online Communities, Political Memes, Visual Communication, Participatory Culture

Interfaith Harmony in Contemporary Society: Some Lessons & Learnings from the Life of the Beloved Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him)

2025-04-16T15:23:17+00:00

The world today is characterized by remarkable diversity, with people of different religions, cultures, and traditions coexisting within shared spaces. However, it’s also diversity that brings with it issues like lack of comprehension, bigotry, and tension. It is, for this reason, that interfaith is crucial in building harmonious relationships so as to have a national unity. The biographies, written over the tremendous life of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) surely provide a timeless framework to disseminate the messages of patience, acceptance and justice. Focusing on Seerat-un-Nabi by Dr Israr Ahmed (2000) and Seerat-e-Nabi by Mol. Tariq Jameel (2018), this research will discuss how the profound and exemplary behavior of the Prophet led people of different faiths to live together more peacefully. The breakdown of these lessons also gives a perspective on how people in the current society can imbibe and operationalize these lessons for the betterment of the society.

Keywords: Prophet Mmuhammad (P.B.U.H), Interfaith, Harmony, Lessons, Society

Financial Freedom and its Role in the Development of Women in the Context of Islamic Teachings

2025-04-16T16:10:03+00:00

Women play a vital role in shaping societies, cultures, and civilizations. As caregivers, educators, and community leaders, they nurture families, pass on values, and drive positive social change. A key factor in their empowerment is financial independence, which enables them to make informed decisions, support their families, build confidence, and contribute to economic development. Islam supports women's financial freedom through clear rights: owning and managing property, receiving inheritance, earning and managing income, and participating in entrepreneurship. These principles promote autonomy, empowerment, self-sufficiency, and social mobility. Financially independent women not only uplift themselves but also play a significant role in national economic progress. Islamic history presents powerful examples of empowered women. Hazrat Khadijah (RA), the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), was a successful businesswoman, while Hazrat Aisha (RA) was a respected scholar and property owner. These examples highlight the Islamic endorsement of women’s economic roles. To achieve financial empowerment, women must exercise their rights by making financial decisions, owning assets, and actively participating in the economy. Community and family support are essential in this journey. Practical steps include promoting financial literacy, providing microfinance options, offering vocational training, establishing mentorship programs, and advocating for inclusive policies. By combining Islamic teachings with modern strategies, women can gain economic autonomy and contribute to building a more just and equitable society.

Keywords: Empowerment, Financial Freedom, Ownership, Entrepreneurship, Self-Sufficient, Economic Growth, Mentorship, Autonomy

Juvenile Prison Reform in Sindh: Evaluating the Impact and Implementation of Juvenile Justice Policies

2025-04-16T16:25:58+00:00

Juvenile delinquency in Sindh, Pakistan, represents a significant and escalating challenge that underscores the urgent need for comprehensive policy reform. This study critically examines the current landscape of juvenile justice in the province, with a specific focus on the implementation and efficacy of the Juvenile Justice System Ordinance 2000 (JJSO 2000) and the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 (JJSA 2018). Employing a mixed-methods approach including a structured survey of law students and thematic analysis this research identifies key gaps in policy execution, institutional capacity, and rehabilitative support for juvenile offenders. The findings reveal systemic deficiencies and socio-psychological factors that impede justice outcomes for youth, affecting not only the offenders but also their families, law enforcement personnel, and broader communities. The study concludes with evidence-based recommendations aimed at strengthening juvenile justice mechanisms through improved grassroots interventions, administrative reforms, and legislative enhancements.

Keywords: Juvenile Justice, Sindh, Juvenile Delinquency, Policy Reform, Implementation Gaps, Rehabilitation

The Religious and Social Aspects of the Use of AI

2025-04-21T11:57:29+00:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the modern world like nothing ever before, touching almost everything that is human life economics, education, healthcare, and communication. Such developments have also to be followed with the religious and social implications of AI, more especially in societies where the protection of ethical and moral standards is underpinned by religious practices. From a religious point of view, using AI raises the question of a human agency, accountability, privacy, and the ability of a technological intervention in questions of life, death, and moral decision-making. For example, Islamic scholars are keen that AI can be used as a means to convenience and progress, while still within the ethical limits defined by Shariah. There are problems in the automation of some religious duties, AI generated fatwas, or surveillance systems that need careful thinking to avoid any clash with divine commandments and human dignity. AI is changing relationships, the labor markets, and assembling structures on the social front. AI can help turn things more efficient and more accessible, but also create questions like unemployment, social isolation and an increase of inequalities. We need to determine whether it is good or bad that AI is putting increasing pressure on us to depend on it: Is it or isn’t it nurturing or abandoning core social values such as compassion, justice, privacy, and mutual respect? Religious wisdom and social responsibility should guide the responsible and ethical use of AI to make use of technological advances for the benefit of humans rather than through it. It is shown that there is a need for such an integrated framework that addresses the religious as well as the social aspects of AI, ensuring a balanced, ethical, and humane development and application of this technology.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Shariah Ethics Social Impact Religious Responsibility AI Ethics

Effects of Post-Covid-19 on Laborers: A Study of District Rajan Pur, Pakistan

2025-04-22T18:12:19+00:00

Covid-19 has sparked the closure of industries and factories. This led to a significant impact on laborers in many ways. This study examined the effects of post-Covid-19 on laborers, focusing on their employment patterns, job security, daily wages, and workers' well-being. To achieve the objectives of examining the socio-economic impact of post-Covid-19 on the respondents and analyzing the psychosocial effects of post-Covid-19 on the respondents, an interview survey was conducted, focusing on aspects of psychosocial well-being, safety, financial stability, and work-from-home implications. This study was conducted in the Rajan Pur district of Punjab. In this research, the population consisted of laborers from the total population in the Rajan Pur district. A sample of 300 people was selected through convenient sampling. Structured interviews were conducted for data collection. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24, and the t-test was applied. The findings indicated that the male population was more affected by social, psychological, and economic factors compared to females. The preliminary results indicated significant changes in the labor market, including increased remote work arrangements, reduced labor satisfaction, increased stress, and concerns about future prospects. In terms of financial stability, laborers, daily wage earners, and private employees faced more instability. Based on the standard of living, people were more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings will assist policymakers in understanding and devising appropriate policies considering the psychosocial and work-related economic issues faced by the working population of Rajan Pur district after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords: Post-Covid-19, Rajan Pur, Laborers, Psychosocial Well-Being.

Climate Smart Strategies: Advancing Sustainable Development Goals in the 21st Century (Pakistan)

2025-04-26T17:00:56+00:00

Climate change represents one of the most significant global challenges of the 21st century, threatening the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Its impacts, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and biodiversity loss, exacerbate socio-economic inequalities and hinder progress on critical SDGs such as poverty alleviation, food security, clean energy, and sustainable urbanization. This study explores innovative strategies to mitigate climate change while advancing SDG objectives through technological, financial, policy-driven, and community-based approaches. Technological innovations such as renewable energy systems, climate-smart agriculture, and urban green infrastructure offer scalable solutions for reducing emissions and building climate resilience. Financial mechanisms, including green finance and public-private partnerships, play a critical role in mobilizing resources for sustainable projects. Policy integration and international collaboration, coupled with grassroots community initiatives, further ensure inclusivity and equitable benefits. Despite progress, significant gaps remain in integrating these strategies within global frameworks and modifying them to local contexts, particularly in low and middle income countries. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study combines case studies, quantitative data analysis to assess the effectiveness and flexibility of these innovations. The findings highlight the potential of synergistic strategies that align climate action with SDGs, emphasizing cross-sectorial collaboration and inclusivity. By identifying barriers such as governance challenges and funding limitations, the study provides actionable recommendations to policymakers, private sector actors, and local communities. This research underscores the urgency of innovative, integrated approaches to combat climate change and promote sustainable development, offering a pathway to achieving a resilient and equitable future.

Keywords: Climate Change, SDGs, Innovation, Climate-Smart Strategies, Renewable Energy, Green Finance, Climate Resilience, Public-Private Partnerships, Policy Integration

Influence of Family Income and Access to Resources on Educational Attainment with Motivation as a Mediator

2025-04-27T18:00:35+00:00

This study examines the influence of family income and access to resources on educational attainment, with academic motivation acting as a mediating factor. Educational disparities rooted in socio-economic status persist globally, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, yet prior research often neglected the psychological mechanisms involved. Addressing this gap, the study investigates how material conditions and motivational processes jointly impact academic success. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 220 university students using standardized scales. Results revealed that family income (B = 0.28, p = 0.002) and access to resources (B = 0.31, p < 0.001) had significant direct positive effects on educational attainment. Furthermore, academic motivation was found to significantly mediate these relationships; family income positively influenced academic motivation (B = 0.40, p < 0.001), and access to resources also enhanced motivation (B = 0.43, p < 0.001), with motivation itself strongly predicting educational attainment (B = 0.47, p < 0.001). The indirect effects through motivation were also significant for both family income (B = 0.19, p < 0.001) and access to resources (B = 0.20, p < 0.001). These findings, grounded in Ecological Systems Theory and Self-Determination Theory, demonstrate that socio-economic advantages foster academic success by enhancing students' motivational pathways. Practically, the results imply that simply providing financial or material support is insufficient; developing students' intrinsic academic motivation is equally crucial. This study fills an important research gap by offering evidence from a developing country context and proposes integrated strategies to improve educational attainment through both structural and psychological interventions.

Keywords: Family Income; Access to Resources; Educational Attainment; Academic Motivation

A Philosophical Analysis of Serving Humanity in the Light of the Objectives of Shari'ah

2025-04-29T09:44:47+00:00

This paper attempts to analyse the objective of serving humanity with regard to the objectives of the Shari'ah (Maqasid al-Shari'ah). Maqasid al shariah is the higher aim and basic reasons behind rulings and principles of Islamic law, essentially the welfare, dignity and protection of human kind. These objectives were traditionally grouped under five classes (protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage and property). In recent times, however, such principles have been expanded to include justice, equality, human rights and social welfare. This study through a reflective and conceptual approach, investigates into how Shari’ah is not a mere collection of legal injunctions but a holistic framework that aims towards human welfare and balance of the society. This shows that every ruling in Shari’ah is in fact aimed to benefit individuals and communities, to prevent harm, and structurally to establish an order that is balanced, just and compassionate. The paper also deals with the philosophical theories of human welfare and moral responsibility and contrasts them with Islamic points of views to demonstrate the universality and timelessness of the Maqasid al-Shari’ah. Religionally, it contends that service of humanity is a religious obligation with a moral necessity in Islam, and is deeply rooted in the legal and ethical structure of Shari'ah. This study utilizes these dimensions to make a contribution to contemporary debates on how religion is used for promotion of human welfare, and to provide a philosophical validation of the humanitarian spirit of Islamic law. It appeals to a reconsideration of the role Shari'ah principles play in actually dealing with modern social issues while still respecting their original purposes.

Keywords: Maqasid al-Shari'ah, Human Welfare, Islamic Law, Service of Humanity, Philosophy of Shari'ah, Moral Responsibility, Social Justice

Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and the Modern Muslim World: Revisiting the Framework for Legal and Ethical Guidance

2025-04-29T10:08:23+00:00

This study explores the dynamic application of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Islamic law) in addressing the multifaceted challenges of the modern world. While classical jurists articulated these objectives within the framework of al-ḍarūriyyāt al-khamsah the five essentials: religion (dīn), life (nafs), intellect (ʿaql), lineage (nasl), and property (māl) contemporary realities demand a broader, more responsive understanding. Drawing upon the contributions of Muhammad Naguib al-Siddiqi and other modern scholars, the paper argues for the recognition of additional objectives such as human dignity, fundamental freedoms, social justice, poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and global peace. Through critical engagement with classical sources and modern challenges, this article proposes an evolved framework for Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, emphasizing its role in guiding ethical governance, socio-economic development, and intercultural cooperation in a globalized world.

Keywords: sunnah, globalized world, Qur’an, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (objectives of Islamic law) , jurisprudence

Representation of Gender Roles in Pakistani Television Dramas: A Critical Cultural Analysis of Stereotypes, Norms, and Social Influence

2025-05-01T08:17:31+00:00

This paper critically examines how Pakistani television dramas depict gender roles, supporting conventional cultural values by focusing almost entirely on women's stories around marriage. Though sometimes superficially shown as "empowered" female characters or "sensitive" male figures, the broader range of actual gender problems mostly goes unnoticed. Using content analysis of well-known shows broadcast between 2023 and 2024, this study calls attention to the structural constraints presents in media narratives and appraises their part in reinforcing a conservative cultural paradigm. Ultimately, the research contend that Pakistani TV drama provides only surface-level advancement and does not adequately mirror or underpin realistic gender transform.

Keywords: Gender Role, Television, Drama, Norms, Social Influences

The Socioeconomic Impact of Simly Dam on Local Communities in Islamabad, Pakistan

2025-05-01T13:37:30+00:00

Water is the main element for life. There is numerous number of small dams around the word. The issue of water scarcity is increasing throughout the world. Along the world, Pakistan is also going on the same scenario crisis of water scarcity. The Small Dam Organization has been constructed 57 small dams in the region of Potohar. Potohar region consist on four districts Attock, Jhelum, Chakwal and Rawalpindi. Potohar is the Rain fed area and usually Small dams are constructed there for meet the water availability for rural properties including irrigation, Aquaculture, livelihood and livestock development. The main objective of this research is to assess the socio-economic development of community through small dam. Small dams play significant role towards economy, agriculture sector, Eco-friendly environment, tourism, crop production and employment opportunities for community. This research design was Mix Method Research. The methods used during data collection in the fields were Observation, In-Depth Interviews, Focus Group Discussion. The tools were used interview Guide and Questionnaire. Sampling technique was Simple Random Sampling (SRM). Besides providing a general level of the safety of a dam, it also helps to prioritize actions of maintenance, allowing the small dam’s manager to optimize time and financial.

Keywords: Small Dams, Water Scarcity, Climate Change, Sustainability, Livelihood.

Ideological Connections and Strategic Alliances: Examining the Ties Between TTP and Afghan Taliban

2025-05-02T15:48:18+00:00

This paper investigates the strategic and operational alliances between Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Afghan Taliban, focusing on how their cooperation encourages both groups’ resilience and effectiveness along the Pak-Afghan border. This research examines key aspects of their alliance, such as cross-border sanctuaries, tactical coordination, resource sharing, intelligence exchange, propaganda collaboration, and shared recruitment networks, using a qualitative methodology based on document analysis and secondary data from reports, policy documents, and academic studies. Despite their differing objectives, the Afghan Taliban focuses on consolidating their power in Afghanistan, while the TTP aims to establish an Islamic emirate within Pakistan. However, their shared ideology and regional goals foster a powerful alliance that enhances their operational reach. This partnership allows the TTP to benefit from Afghan safe havens, while the Afghan Taliban gains logistical and operational support from TTP’s networks within Pakistan. This strategic interdependence magnifies its destabilizing impact on the security forces of Pakistan, complicating counterinsurgency efforts and sustaining a transnational jihadist network within Pakistan, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The study highlights the need for joint regional efforts to disrupt this alliance, addressing a critical aspect of South Asia’s security landscape.

Keywords: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Afghan Taliban, TTP, Ideologies, Terrorism

Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Psychopathology: An Exploration in Elderly People

2025-05-05T13:26:26+00:00

A rising number of elderly people face increased exposure to psychological health issues especially depression and anxiety while dealing with other psychopathological conditions. The ability of emotional awareness and regulation strategies combined with interpersonal skills working to develop emotional intelligence acts as security elements for building psychological resilience. The research evaluates how emotional intelligence affects the way psychopathological symptoms develop and how severe they become among elderly adults. We used both the TEIQue-SF and SCL-90-R standardized instruments to evaluate psychopathological symptomatology in 210 elderly people above age 60 from urban and rural areas through a cross-sectional survey. Correlation analysis and multiple regression approaches enabled researchers to prove the relationships that exist between emotional intelligence domains (emotional regulation, social skills, self-awareness) and psychopathological symptoms of depression, anxiety, somatization and interpersonal sensitivity and hostility. A negative statistical relationship existed between total emotional intelligence scores and psychopathological symptoms scores (r = -0.62, p < 0.01) which indicates positive correlations between higher EI scores and reduced psychopathological symptoms. Emotional regulation emerged as the best indicator among factors that reduced depression and anxiety levels. The study demonstrates how elderly adults require emotional intelligence training because this education acts as a drug-free approach to improve their mental health. These relationships received findings which indicated that both social support and gender together with living arrangements influenced their effects. The investigation adds to geriatric psychology research by demonstrating emotional capabilities' capability to protect mental health against decline in elderly demographics. Research needs to move forward tracking participants over time and implementing intervention programs to prove cause and effect relationships. These findings offer practical guidance to policymakers as well as mental health providers and facilities operating in geriatric care who want to develop emotionally supportive environments for senior citizens.

Keywords:Emotional Intelligence, Psychopathology, Elderly, Depression, Anxiety, Mental Health, Emotional Regulation, Aging, Well-being, Geriatric Psychology

The Future of Digital Account Banking in Pakistan: Trends, Opportunities, Challenges, and the Way Forward

2025-05-05T13:32:18+00:00

The rapid evolution of digital technologies has fundamentally reshaped the global financial landscape, ushering in a new era of digital banking. This article explores the transformative trends, emerging opportunities, and pressing challenges that define the future of digital banking, particularly in the context of emerging markets like Pakistan. Key trends include the rise of fintech and neobanks disrupting traditional banking models, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation to enhance customer service and fraud detection, the adoption of blockchain and decentralized finance (DeFi), and the move toward hyper-personalized customer experiences through big data analytics. The article highlights opportunities for financial inclusion, cost efficiency, and the development of new revenue streams such as embedded finance and digital wealth management services. It also underscores how digital platforms are enabling global market expansion, facilitating cross-border transactions, and remittances. However, the study cautions that the digital banking revolution is not without challenges, including cybersecurity threats, regulatory uncertainties, technological infrastructure gaps, and customer trust barriers. Looking ahead, the future of digital banking is envisioned as open, decentralized, and customer-centric, driven by strategic partnerships between banks, fintechs, and technology giants. Successfully navigating this transition will require financial institutions to balance innovation with security, ethics, and inclusivity. By reimagining their role in consumers' lives, banks can transform from traditional service providers into integral partners in digital economic ecosystems. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for collaboration among stakeholders to ensure that the benefits of digital banking are equitably and sustainably realized.

Keywords: Digital Banking, Fintech, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Financial Inclusion, Cybersecurity, Open Banking, Pakistan, Customer Experience, Financial Technology

Explores the Role of Assistive Technology in Supporting College Students with Disabilities in Sports

2025-05-05T13:41:17+00:00

The implementation of assistive technology (AT) supports comprehensive inclusion and accessibility for students with disabilities who want to participate in sports activities at colleges. The investigation analyzes ways AT creates possible involvement for students with physical and sensory and cognitive disabilities in college athletic programs. Multiple types of assistive devices in this investigation include prosthetic devices plus adaptive equipment and wearable technology which improves safety measures and efficiency and engagement levels. The study utilized mixed methods which combined quantitative and qualitative information to determine the successful impact of assistive technology on sports engagement and motivative in all aspect of rates. Student performance along with confidence levels and feeling of inclusion improves through effective use of assistive technology which remains available to them. The main obstacles to accessibility in sports technology adoption are created by financial barriers alongside insufficient institutional support and insufficient awareness. The research findings establish that college student which were interested in sports demand policy improvement with increased funding and education programs to expand accessibility and creatively for students. The research strengthens existing knowledge through experimental findings which demonstrate how AT generates inclusive sporting areas in higher education institutions.

Keywords: Assistive Technology, College Students, Disabilities, Adaptive Sports, Inclusion, Accessibility, Prosthetics, Adaptive Equipment, Higher Education, Student Athletes

The Jurisprudential Validity and Guidelines for Performing Salah While Seated in Modern Contexts

2025-05-05T16:32:49+00:00

In contemporary times, an increasing number of Muslims particularly the elderly and individuals with physical impairments encounter significant challenges in performing Ṣalāh (Islamic prayer) in the traditional postures due to various medical conditions or physical limitations. Consequently, performing Ṣalāh while seated on a chair has emerged as a practical alternative. This development has sparked critical discussions regarding the Sharīʿah legitimacy of this practice and the specific conditions under which it is considered permissible. The primary objective of this study is to examine the Islamic legal foundations for performing Ṣalāh while seated on a chair in contemporary contexts. It aims to delineate the criteria established by Islamic jurisprudence, clarify the conditions under which concessions are permitted, and distinguish between legitimate facilitation allowed by the Sharīʿah and unwarranted leniency that may undermine religious obligations. This research adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology, encompassing a thorough examination of classical Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) as articulated by all four major Sunni legal schools. It further draws upon relevant Qur'anic verses, authentic ḥadīths, and contemporary fatāwā issued by recognized Islamic scholars and institutions, in order to explore the evolving application of traditional legal rulings within modern contexts. The findings indicate that Islamic law (Sharīʿah) permits the performance of Ṣalāh while seated—including on a chair—for individuals who are genuinely incapable of standing due to illness, disability, or significant physical weakness. However, the study underscores that this concession is not intended for convenience, but rather for cases of legitimate necessity. Moreover, individuals availing themselves of this allowance are required to perform as many physical components of the prayer—such as standing, bowing (rukūʿ), and prostration (sujūd) as they are physically able to. In conclusion, the research affirms the validity of performing Ṣalāh on a chair under specific and clearly defined conditions. This practice must be undertaken with sincerity and in strict conformity with the principles of Islamic law, ensuring that the structural integrity, spiritual humility, and solemnity of the prayer are preserved to the greatest extent possible.

Keywords: Salah, Islamic Jurisprudence, Chair Prayer, Shari'ah Rulings, Physical Disability, Contemporary Fiqh

Exposing Ideological Whims: A Discourse Analysis of Selected Advertisements

2025-05-05T16:56:57+00:00

This study focuses on commercials advertisements which have been published, showing the contexts where hidden ideologies and their consequences have been reflected. These ideologies are important in illustrating the goals of advertising rules and regulations. Socialization and cultural factors have impacts on the wonderful subject of critical discourse analysis. Changes in society and politics are quite important in this regard. One excellent instrument for observing the aftereffects of ads is research methods have been approached by Kress and Leeuwen's representation of data analysis and visual design grammar which are clear sources for observing the hidden and true meanings of commercials. Human mental capacities have a significant impact on the transition of various ideologies from one comparative study to another. This illustrates what the human mind is capable of depending on the situation. The various socioeconomic circumstances are regarded as essential resources for adjusting the situational analysis. The audiences just focus on the conductivity of various situations and analytical theories of various substances, whether or not these are creative. Therefore, it can be concluded that Fairclough's paradigm of interpretation and explanation is quite applicable in this situation. Therefore, we must concentrate in this context by determining the situational settings.

Keywords: Ideological, Whim, Discourse, Advertisement, Socioeconomic

Interfaith Dialogue in the Light of the Seerah: An Analytical Study

2025-05-07T07:33:11+00:00

Interfaith dialogue, defined as the communication and understanding between people of different religious traditions, has become an essential tool in promoting peace and mutual respect in a pluralistic world. In the Islamic context, the Seerah (life of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH) provides invaluable guidance on fostering relationships with individuals of various faiths, particularly through the Prophet’s exemplary conduct and interactions with non-Muslims. This analytical study delves into the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding interfaith dialogue, examining his interactions with Jews, Christians, and other religious groups during his time. The Prophet’s approach to dialogue was rooted in respect, empathy, and understanding, emphasizing the shared values of humanity while acknowledging the differences in belief systems. The Constitution of Medina, a groundbreaking document authored by the Prophet, serves as a model for interfaith cooperation, as it established the principles of peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between Muslims and non-Muslims in the early Islamic state. Furthermore, the Prophet’s interactions with religious leaders, such as his dialogue with the Christian delegation from Najran and his respectful treatment of the Jews of Medina, demonstrate his commitment to peaceful cohabitation and religious tolerance. He advocated for open dialogue based on mutual respect and understanding, often seeking common ground on ethical and moral issues. This study highlights the significance of these historical examples for contemporary interfaith dialogue, arguing that the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) continue to offer timeless principles for fostering harmonious relationships among religious communities. By analyzing the Seerah, this article explores how Islam’s foundational principles of respect and tolerance can be applied in modern-day interfaith relations.

Keywords: Interfaith Dialogue, Seerah, Prophet Muhammad, Religious Tolerance, Peaceful Coexistence, Constitution of Medina, Islamic Teachings, Religious Freedom, Ethical Dialogue, Social Harmony

The Role of International Monetary Fund as an Apparatus of Neo-colonialism

2025-05-07T08:01:04+00:00

Main objective this research work is critically evolution the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as pursuing of neo-colonialism. An assessment of the IMF’s policies and practices; literature reveals that how the institution serves interest of the powerful donor in the less income countries. This research work perpetuates that the IMF pursuing of the economic liberalization and capitalist agenda extends neo-colonial ideology, prioritize an influence of the developed nations over the developing world. Additionally, the IMF role in the mediation of world order and its support for the dictatorial regimes raises question about its stand for the democratization, human rights and social justice. However, this research work shed light on the policies and practices of the IMF, world governance and dynamics of the world politics. Theoretically, the role of the IMF has been scaled in the light of the Marxist approach and it is investigated that how IMF serving interest of the West in the borrowing countries. A qualitative method has applied for this research work and data is collected from the published books, articles, newspapers and reports published on IMF’s policies and its role.

Keywords: International Monetary Fund, Neo-colonialism, Imperialism, liberalism and capitalism

Pakistan-US Relations in the Post-9/11 Era: Strategic Partnership or Tactical Engagement?

2025-05-10T08:25:54+00:00

The post-9/11 era has significantly transformed Pakistan-United States relations, shifting them from a security-centric alliance to a complex and multifaceted engagement marked by both strategic cooperation and mutual distrust. As both nations confront the geopolitical aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, the future of their bilateral relations hinges on pragmatic collaboration across multiple fronts. This paper explores the evolving dynamics of Pak–US ties with a focus on regional stability in South Asia, especially Afghanistan, counterterrorism strategies, and the potential for non-traditional areas of cooperation including climate change, education, and technology. It argues that while counterterrorism remains a shared interest, there is untapped potential in deepening ties through climate resilience projects, academic exchanges, and digital innovation partnerships. Drawing on policy reports, scholarly articles, and institutional analyses, the paper outlines actionable trust-building measures such as soft diplomacy, regular high-level dialogues, and joint economic ventures that can revitalize engagement. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of moving beyond transactional relations to embrace a long-term strategic vision grounded in mutual respect and shared development goals. The paper concludes by asserting that despite historical setbacks, a recalibrated relationship based on diversified cooperation can not only stabilize bilateral ties but also contribute to broader regional peace and prosperity.

Keywords: Pakistan–United States Relations, Regional Stability, Afghanistan, Counterterrorism, Climate Change, Education, Technology Cooperation, Diplomatic Trust, Post-9/11, Bilateral Engagement

A Call for the Ban on Autonomous Weapons (Killer Robots): A Perspective from Shariah and Human Rights

2025-05-11T09:19:50+00:00

Throughout history, humanity has consistently pursued power, often by using increasingly advanced and destructive weapons to dominate others. This drive for more efficient methods of warfare has led to the continuous development of sophisticated weaponry from swords to drones and nuclear bombs. The latest advancement in this trajectory is the rise of “Killer Robots,” or Fully Autonomous Weapons Systems, which can identify and attack targets without any human control. Since 2013, over one hundred countries have raised serious concerns about the ethical, legal, and humanitarian risks posed by these technologies. This paper explores the issue of autonomous weapons from the perspectives of Islamic law and international human rights, arguing for urgent global regulation.

Keywords: Killer Robots, Islamic Shariah, Human Rights

Women Leadership in Prayer: A Critical Analysis of Muslim Scholarly Views

2025-05-16T19:32:45+00:00

This article explores the question of women's leadership in congregational prayer (Imāmah) within the broader context of contemporary Islamic discourses on gender, guided by classical and modern Muslim scholarly thought. Focusing particularly on the case of Umm-e-Waraqah (RA) and the precedent of female-led prayer in her household, the study analyzes primary hadith sources and the interpretations of various jurists and scholars across Islamic legal schools. While some jurists affirm the permissibility of women leading other women in prayer—citing practices of figures like Hazrat Aisha (RA) and Umm-e-Salamah (RA)—others restrict such acts, invoking principles of modesty and communal harmony. The article offers a nuanced analysis of these viewpoints and examines how contemporary Muslim societies might reconcile traditional jurisprudence with the modern educational and spiritual needs of women. It argues that the discourse on women’s religious leadership must account for both historical precedents and contemporary realities, making space for responsible and context-aware reinterpretation within the Islamic framework.

Keywords: women’s imamah, female-led prayer, contemporary Islamic thought, women religious authority, muslim thinkers

Emoji Aesthetics in the Digital Age: A Comparative Analysis of User Preferences for Apple, Android Emoji Style

2025-05-18T08:49:48+00:00

Emojis are used worldwide in digital conversations, and each app or website has its own style for them. This paper compares the emoji designs used by Apple and Android and evaluates the impact of these differences on user preferences. The paper examines the elements of color, shape, expressiveness, and cultural meaning by conducting surveys, looking at visuals, and studying previous studies. It appears that beauty in design can play a major role in engaging users and creating a strong emotional bond, affecting both the UX and how platforms communicate.

Keywords: Emoji, Aesthetics, Digital Age, User Preferences, Apple, Android

Exploring the Environmental Ethics in the Life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH): Seerah Insights

2025-05-19T07:29:09+00:00

The life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) offers profound insights into environmental ethics, emphasizing the harmonious coexistence of humanity with nature. This study explores the Seerah (biography) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to uncover principles and practices that highlight the importance of environmental stewardship in Islam. By examining Quranic injunctions and their application through the Prophet’s teachings and actions, the research identifies a framework of environmental ethics rooted in balance (mizan), sustainability, and accountability (amanah). Key elements of this framework include the prohibition of waste (israf), the emphasis on conservation of resources, and the encouragement of tree planting, even in times of global crises. The Prophet (PBUH) not only advocated for the sustainable use of natural resources but also actively demonstrated environmental consciousness, such as prohibiting the unnecessary destruction of vegetation during warfare and emphasizing the humane treatment of animals. His statements, such as "If the Hour is about to be established and one of you has a palm seedling, let him plant it," underline the enduring significance of environmental care as an act of worship. The study also delves into how these environmental principles can be contextualized in contemporary challenges such as climate change, deforestation, and resource depletion. By drawing parallels between the Prophet’s practices and modern environmental ethics, the research illustrates the relevance of Seerah in fostering a sustainable future. This research contributes to the growing discourse on Islamic environmentalism by presenting the Seerah as a source of timeless ecological wisdom. It advocates for the integration of these principles into contemporary environmental policies and individual lifestyles, bridging the gap between spiritual teachings and ecological responsibility.

Keywords: Environmental Ethics, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Seerah, Islamic Environmentalism, Sustainability, Conservation, Waste Management, Climate Change, Ecological Balance, Natural Resource Preservation

Political Interference in Performance of Police: An Exploratory Study of District Kohat

2025-05-19T16:08:08+00:00

This exploratory study investigates the effect of political interference on the performance and autonomy of police personnel within a selected district Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Drawing on qualitative interviews, the study highlights how the political actors influence the police's independence in making decisions, enabling political players to abuse police power for their own political and personal benefit. Police lose their professionalism when they become involved in political matters, which have a negative impact on their capacity to effectively and fairly enforce the law. Moreover, Public confidence in the police is damaged by this political interference, which not only impairs their performance but also skews their judgment. The study also draws attention to the wider ramifications of this occurrence, such as the rising crime and corruption rates in the area. This qualitative study explores the experiences of twelve SHOs in police stations, district Kohat, who are currently serving at police stations by using semi structured interviews with the purposive sampling to better understand the nature of political interference and the lived experiences of respondents within their departments. The findings of the study contribute that political interference is driven by the political and personal gain which effect merit based decision and integrity of police. Officers are exposed to hazards and dangers because to the complexity created by cultural dynamics and public contacts. Disobeying such interference frequently has terrible consequences, highlighting the necessity of reforms to guarantee fair and efficient police.

Keywords: Political Interference, Police Performance, Erosion, Public Trust, Personal, Professional Benefits

Taliban Ascendency and Its Impacts on Women Empowerment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2025-05-21T10:26:52+00:00

This research delve into the rise of the Taliban in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan, and the long-lasting impact it has had on women’s lives in the region. What commenced as a geopolitical shift during the Soviet-Afghan war steadily turned into a movement that reshaped daily life in KPK most severely for women and girls. This study outlines how religious extremism, political instability, and a lack of state control allowed the Taliban to grow in power, eventually leading to severe limits on women’s education, healthcare, and freedom of movement. Thousands of girls were pressed to leave school, female health workers were targeted, and women were forced out of public spaces and silenced. Depiction from a wide range of secondary sources, this paper not only scrutinizes the structural and ideological roots of Talibanization, but also flashes a light on the human storie like the killing of Shabana, a young dancer in Swat that expose the true cost of extremism.

Keywords: Taliban, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Women Empowerment, Healthcare, Education

Construction and Validation of Urdu Rejection Sensitivity Scale for Accident Survivors

2025-05-21T10:45:38+00:00

The Purpose of the study was to construct and validate “Urdu Rejection Sensitivity Scale for Accident Survivors”. The scale was designed primarily as an assessment tool for measuring rejection sensitivity after accidents. The study aimed to address the gap in instruments available for the rejection sensitivity. A sample of 239 accident survivors was purposively selected from different areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, having accident in the past 6 months. The tool was developed by identifying an item pool of 20 items. The five items were excluded after initial review and final draft of 15 items was administered. The data collected were analyzed to determine the validity and reliability of rejection sensitivity scale. The findings revealed that rejection sensitivity scale after accident has adequate face and content validities. The items are responded on a five-point frequency scale from not at all to all the times. Cronbach’s Alpha of the current scale is .842. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a single factor solution comprising of 15 items. The scale provided a novel measure to assess rejection sensitivity following accidental deformities that are visible in nature.

Keywords: Rejection Sensitivity, Accident Survivors, Scale Construction, Validation

Defamiliarization and the Delayed Perception: A Study in the Art of “A Tale of Two Cities”

2025-05-21T11:00:59+00:00

This paper aims to highlight the art of A Tale of Two Cities in the light of defamiliarization and the delayed perception as proposed by Vicktor Shlosvky in his essay, “Art as Device”. While reading the text of A Tale of Two Cities, it becomes noticeable that Dickens drags the earlier part of the narrative intentionally. He invests ambiguity in the story, switching from France to England, bringing estrangement in the character sketches, while twinning the personas of Darney and Carton and constructs ambiguity with the help of language used in the text. The prolonged depiction of the story, the delayed portrayal of the characters and the ambiguity of the language, all correspond to the device of defamiliarization and delayed perception. This article enquires as to how and why Dickens uses such devices to communicate his message. Hence the research is descriptive and explanatory in nature. The aforementioned devices used by the author have been studied through Close reading method. The selected passages have been read meticulously in the light of Russian Formalistic Approach to discuss the issue.

Keywords: Defamiliarization, Delayed, Perception, Art, A Tale of Two Cities

Minority Rights in Representative Democracies: Examining Constitutional Strategies Through Case Studies

2025-05-21T11:22:35+00:00

This article examines the constitutional strategies employed by representative democracies to protect minority rights, balancing majority rule with the need to prevent the "tyranny of the majority." Through case studies of the United States, India, and Pakistan, the paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches, including judicial review, affirmative action, and constitutional safeguards. In the U.S., the 14th Amendment and judicial rulings like Brown v. Board of Education have advanced minority rights, though challenges like gerrymandering persist. India’s reservation system has improved representation for marginalized groups but faces criticism for perpetuating caste divisions. Pakistan’s constitutional provisions for religious minorities are undermined by blasphemy laws and sectarian violence. The article underscores that effective minority rights protection requires not only legal frameworks but also political will, institutional accountability, and societal integration. Best practices include inclusive constitutional design, independent monitoring bodies, and international human rights adherence. The study concludes that sustainable minority rights demand ongoing vigilance and adaptive policies to address evolving societal norms and implementation gaps.

Keywords: Minority Rights, Representative Democracies, Constitutional Strategies, Tyranny Of The Majority, Judicial Review, Affirmative Action, Equal Protection, India Reservation System, Pakistan Blasphemy Laws, Inclusive Governance

The Role of Libraries in Promoting Digital Literacy and Information Ethics

2025-05-21T17:15:14+00:00

Libraries play a pivotal role in bridging the digital divide by promoting digital literacy and information ethics, ensuring equitable access to information in an increasingly digital world. As trusted community hubs, libraries provide essential resources, training, and expert guidance to empower individuals especially marginalized groups with the skills to navigate, evaluate, and ethically use digital information. This article explores how libraries address challenges such as the digital divide, misinformation, and privacy concerns through initiatives like workshops, online tools, and partnerships with schools and community organizations. Despite their critical role, libraries face barriers like competition from non-library entities, staffing shortages, and ethical dilemmas around internet filtering. The discussion highlights the need for collaborative efforts to enhance digital literacy programs, leveraging libraries' unique position as mediators of information access and ethical use. By integrating emerging technologies and fostering inclusive policies, libraries can continue to serve as catalysts for social justice and lifelong learning in the digital age.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Information Ethics, Public Libraries, Digital Divide, Misinformation, Information Access, Social Justice, Lifelong Learning, Community Partnerships

From Competition to Cooperation: The Case for a Joint Indus Basin Authority

2025-05-24T08:46:44+00:00

The Indus River Basin, a vital resource supporting 300 million people across South Asia, faces escalating threats from climate change, population growth, and outdated governance under the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). This article proposes a Joint Indus Basin Authority (JIBA) as a transformative framework to replace competition with cooperation. JIBA would integrate lessons from global models like the Mekong River Commission and Nile Basin Initiative, emphasizing shared benefits (hydropower trade, climate-resilient agriculture), institutional innovation (adaptive governance, transparent data-sharing), and equitable resource management. By addressing the IWT’s gaps exclusion of groundwater and climate adaptation, bilateral limitations JIBA could foster regional stability through technical collaboration (joint monitoring, flood forecasting) and political confidence-building (phased negotiations, third-party mediation). The article outlines JIBA’s governance structure, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and implementation roadmap, arguing that cooperative water diplomacy is not just economically and environmentally imperative but also a strategic opportunity to redefine India-Pakistan relations.

Keywords:Indus River Basin, Transboundary Water Cooperation, Joint Indus Basin Authority, Indus Waters Treaty, Climate Adaptation, Benefit-Sharing, Water Diplomacy, India-Pakistan Relations

The Constitution of Pakistan and Human Rights: A Critical and Comparative Study

2025-05-26T06:29:08+00:00

Human rights hold a fundamental position in the Constitution of Pakistan. These rights are acknowledged through various chapters and articles of the Constitution, guaranteeing every citizen freedom, equality, protection, and access to justice. The protection of human rights is deeply embedded in the foundational structure of the Constitution and is recognized at the very outset as "Fundamental Rights."The first part of the Constitution includes a dedicated chapter titled "Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy," which elaborates on various types of rights. These rights not only ensure individual liberty and autonomy but also promote social justice, economic equality, and provide all citizens with equal opportunities to lead a dignified life. Under the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of Pakistan, principles have been established for the protection of life, property, dignity, freedom, and equality of individuals, along with the provision of essential services such as education, health, and employment. The objective of these rights is to ensure that every Pakistani citizen is given equal opportunities to improve their quality of life.Moreover, the Constitution pays special attention to the rights of women, minority groups, children, and persons with disabilities, assigning the state the responsibility to take concrete steps for the protection of these rights. To safeguard human rights, the Constitution has established a strong and independent judiciary, ensuring that no citizen's rights are violated. Additionally, it affirms that any individual whose rights are infringed upon has unrestricted access to seek justice through the courts.Thus, this chapter of the Constitution is based on a comprehensive strategy for the provision and protection of human rights, aiming to ensure every citizen's right to a secure, free, and dignified life. The significance of this chapter also lies in the fact that it provides a robust legal framework which maintains a balance of rights between the state and the people. It also enables an effective legal response against any form of oppressive government policies or actions.

Keywords: Constitution of Pakistan, Human Rights, Comparative Study, Guaranteeing, Fundamental Rights, Established, Comprehensive

The Military Strategy of the Prophetic Biography (Sīrah), Orientalist Perspectives, and Western Studies

2025-05-26T09:16:34+00:00

The Prophetic biography (Sīrah) of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ represents a luminous chapter in human history, serving not only as the source of a revolutionary spiritual and moral movement but also as a comprehensive embodiment of political, civilizational, and military insight. Every aspect of the blessed life of the Messenger ﷺ whether invitational or defensive, personal or collective reflects wisdom, foresight, and strategic acumen. Among these, the military strategy holds a central place, not merely as a set of tactical maneuvers but as a reflection of a principled system rooted in justice, ethics, strategic wisdom, and international norms.In the domain of military leadership, the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ strategic approaches not only challenged the tribal and pagan norms of his time but also offered a timeless model for future Muslim leadership. His military policy was based on values such as defensive resistance, principles of war and peace, ethics in combat, and just treatment of adversaries bestowing a new moral dimension to traditional military concepts.However, the Western world and Orientalists have approached this aspect of the Sīrah from varying perspectives. Some have acknowledged it as a supreme model of defensive strategy, while others guided by prejudice and suspicion have portrayed the Prophet’s ﷺ military conduct as a manifestation of political expansionism, power-seeking motives, or tribal maneuvering. Analyzing such studies is essential not only for a true understanding of the military dimensions of the Sīrah but also to uncover the ideological and intellectual frameworks through which Western scholars interpret the life of the Prophet ﷺ.It is this critical and analytical framework that underlies the present study, which aims to highlight the original Islamic conception of the Prophet’s ﷺ military strategy contextualized within its historical and ethical parameters while simultaneously offering a rigorous scholarly critique of Orientalist interpretations of the Sīrah. This approach seeks to distinguish between truth and bias and to restore the authentic narrative grounded in justice and historical accuracy.

Keywords: Military Strategy, Prophetic, Orientalist, Western Studies, Invitational

The Shariah Status and Commandments of Music

2025-05-27T18:06:31+00:00

Islam, besides teaching worship and beliefs, also provides a complete code of conduct for a moral and civil society. Any action that causes corruption or moral decay is prohibited. Music and singing are among such actions that can lead to hypocrisy in hearts and promote immorality, indecency and illicit behavior. Hence Islamic Law has declared music, singing and the use of musical instruments unlawful. The Noble Qur’an says: “And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead others from the path of Allah without knowledge and takes it (as) a mockery. For such people, there is a humiliating punishment.”Ibne Mas’ood, Ibne Abbas, and other companions interpreted “amusement of speech” as singing and music. Imam Qurtubi explains this prohibition is proven by the Glorious Qur’an and Sunnah.

Keywords: Music, Singing, Musical Instruments, Amusement of Speech

Pragmatic Failures in Intercultural Communication: A Case Study of ESL Learners

2025-05-30T06:49:49+00:00

This study examines pragmatic failures in intercultural communication among ESL learners, focusing on the mismatch between learners' pragmatic competence and native speaker norms. Despite strong grammatical and lexical knowledge, ESL learners often struggle with appropriate language use in social contexts, leading to misunderstandings. The research highlights how cultural differences, sociopragmatic conventions, and speech act misinterpretations contribute to these failures. Using qualitative case studies, discourse completion tests, and role-play analyses, the study identifies common pragmatic challenges, such as inappropriate requests, humor misinterpretation, and politeness strategy misuse. Findings reveal that pragmatic failures stem from linguistic, sociocultural, and psychological factors, emphasizing the need for explicit pragmatic instruction in ESL curricula. The study advocates for integrating intercultural awareness training, authentic interactions, and role-plays to enhance learners' pragmatic competence. Pedagogical implications suggest a shift toward pragmatic-focused teaching to mitigate communication breakdowns and foster effective intercultural exchanges.

Keywords: Pragmatic Failure, Intercultural Communication, ESL Learners, Speech Acts, Pragmatic Competence, Sociopragmatic Norms, Language Teaching, Cultural Awareness

Harmony between Minority Rights and Shariah in Multicultural Islamic States

2025-05-30T09:22:40+00:00

The academic and practical importance of minority rights within multicultural Islamic states is a subject of considerable importance. As diversity increases in many Muslim majority countries, the question of how to reconcile the rights of non-Muslim minorities with the principles of Islamic Sharia becomes more urgent. Generally speaking, the rights of non-Muslims living under Muslim rule (literally dhimmis) were protected by Islamic law, as derived from the Quran, Sunnah and juristic interpretations. To enjoy these protections was the right to religious freedom, personal law, security of life and property and exemption from military service. This abstract investigates how minority rights can be accommodated by Islamic jurisprudence and how these principles can be reconciled with contemporary conceptions of human rights within multicultural societies. Examples of early Islamic governance such as during the time of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and the Rashidun Caliphate which displays Muslims coexisting and respecting each other with non-Muslims, are presented in the study. It also explores how modern legal challenges can be reconciled with and a framework for incorporating Shariah principles within international norms of minority rights offered without the sacrifice of either. This research analyses classical Islamic legal sources and modern constitutional practices in Muslim countries to show that there may exist an inclusive Islamic governance model that takes diversity and justice seriously. The paper finally points out that the protection and dignity of all citizens could genuinely be catered for by a genuine implementation of Islamic values.

Keywords: Minority Rights, Shariah, Multiculturalism, Islamic State, Religious Freedom, Dhimmi, Human Rights in Islam

Strategic Communication and Narrative Warfare: Pakistan’s Public Diplomacy Response to Indian Hybrid Tactics

2025-05-31T16:05:45+00:00

In the evolving strategic landscape of South Asia, hybrid warfare has emerged as a dominant tool of statecraft, blurring the lines between traditional military engagement and non-kinetic instruments such as disinformation, cyber operations, and psychological influence. Within this context, India has increasingly employed a range of hybrid tactics aimed at shaping international opinion, undermining Pakistan’s global standing, and influencing internal stability. Central to this strategy is the use of narrative warfare deliberate efforts to craft, disseminate, and reinforce persuasive stories that serve strategic interests both domestically and abroad. This article examines Pakistan’s public diplomacy response to India’s hybrid operations, focusing particularly on its efforts to counter hostile narratives and project its own image through strategic communication. Utilizing a discourse-oriented analytical approach, this study draws upon official statements, media content, international reports, and case studies to explore the dynamics of this narrative contestation. The Pulwama-Balakot crisis, the revocation of Article 370, and revelations such as the EU DisinfoLab findings offer critical insights into the unfolding information battleground. The analysis reveals that while Pakistan has made notable advances in real-time media engagement and diplomatic outreach, significant challenges remain in terms of strategic coherence, media capacity, and global narrative penetration. The study concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening Pakistan’s public diplomacy architecture, including investment in institutional coordination, international scholarly engagement, and the development of long-term, values-based narrative frameworks capable of competing in a complex information environment.

Keywords: Hybrid Warfare, Strategic Communication, Narrative Conflict, Public Diplomacy, Pakistan, India, Information Operations, Media Strategy

Analysis of the Role of Governance and Institutional Issues in Energy Crises in Pakistan

2025-06-01T12:22:57+00:00

The persistent energy crisis in Pakistan has emerged as a critical impediment to the country's economic growth, social development, and political stability. While multiple factors contribute to this crisis including rising demand, inefficient infrastructure, and dependency on imported fuels the role of governance and institutional shortcomings remains insufficiently explored in academic discourse. This research investigates how systemic governance failures and institutional inefficiencies have exacerbated energy shortages, discouraged investment, and impeded effective policy implementation in Pakistan. Through an extensive review of academic literature, policy documents, and empirical case studies, the study reveals that corruption, regulatory inconsistency, poor financial management, and lack of accountability have collectively undermined the effectiveness of energy sector reforms. Additionally, the politicization of energy projects, bureaucratic inertia, overlapping institutional mandates, and the absence of long-term strategic planning have further compounded the crisis. The paper emphasizes the critical need for transparent regulatory mechanisms, inter-agency coordination, and capacity building, and sustainable governance frameworks to overcome the crisis. It concludes that without urgent institutional reform and robust governance structures, Pakistan’s energy insecurity will persist, thereby hampering its aspirations for inclusive economic growth and long-term stability.

Keywords: Energy Crisis, Governance, Institutional Failure, Pakistan, Energy Policy, Corruption, Regulatory Frameworks, Strategic Planning

Orientalists' Objections on the Challenges of the Qur'an in the Context of Coherence and Structure

2025-06-02T05:54:53+00:00

The Holy Qur’an is the primary source of Islam and the foundation of religious and cultural life. Believers regard it as the divine word of God, the complete guide for human guidance, and the greatest miracle of the Prophethood of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This sacred book not only provides the basis for beliefs and rituals but also offers a comprehensive charter for human welfare, moral purification, social justice, and spiritual elevation. The preservation and miraculous nature of the Qur’an have always remained a subject of deep reflection for scholars and researchers across generations. Within the rich Islamic scholarly tradition, extensive work has been carried out for centuries on the Qur’an’s coherence, eloquence, stylistic features, miraculous nature, and thematic harmony.However, alongside this vast corpus of Islamic knowledge, a prominent aspect of Western Orientalist scholarship has been to raise intellectual and critical objections against the Qur’an. Orientalists have questioned the Qur’an’s coherence, literary style, and structural composition from various perspectives. Among their claims is the assertion that the Qur’an lacks narrative continuity, its themes appear disconnected, and the arrangement of verses and chapters is illogical. While some of these objections stem from academic analysis, many are influenced by bias, intellectual one-sidedness, or a lack of understanding of the internal spirit of Islamic sciences.Specifically, in the context of coherence and structure, the issues raised by Orientalists often ignore the classical Islamic tradition of Qur’anic understanding—principles such as the "Nazm al-Qur’an" (coherent order of the Qur’an), interpretation in light of context, and the depths of Qur’anic eloquence. These objections are typically based on a superficial reading of the text, disregarding the inner connectivity, thematic progression, and stylistic wisdom that are, in fact, central to understanding the Qur’an.

Keywords: Orientalists’, Objections, Challenges, Coherence, Comprehensive, Progression

Social Vulnerabilities of HIV-Positive Prisoners in District Jail Malir, Karachi

2025-06-02T06:30:53+00:00

This article investigates the social problems faced by HIV-positive inmates at the District Prisons & Correctional Facility Malir, Karachi. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, data were collected through an indigenously developed interview tool from a sample of 64 out of 110 identified HIV-positive inmates. Findings revealed that the average inmate age was 32.7 years, with most residing in low-income areas of Karachi. Ethnic diversity was evident, and educational attainment was low, with over half having no formal education. Most inmates worked as laborers prior to incarceration and lived in joint family systems. Substance abuse was highly prevalent, particularly methamphetamine use, with 63% reporting injectable drug use. Despite harsh prison conditions, including overcrowding, nearly all inmates received HIV treatment. Awareness of their HIV status prior to incarceration was relatively high (56.25%). The paper highlights significant socioeconomic and health challenges faced by HIV-positive inmates, underscoring the need for targeted interventions and prison health reforms.

Keywords: HIV-Positive Inmates, Social Problems, Substance Abuse, Prison Conditions, Healthcare Access, Socioeconomic Challenges

A Preliminary Comparative Study of the Grihia Sutra and Islamic Jurisprudence regarding Family Law

2025-06-02T06:58:34+00:00

This article presents a comparative study of family law and its principles between Two distinct religious frameworks: The Grihya Sutra of Hinduism and Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). The study sheds light on the structural, moral, and spiritual dimensions of family life as conceived in both traditions, aiming to identify both convergences and divergences without asserting superiority. In Grihya Sutras, the family is a socio-religious unit built around ritual practices such as Vivaha (marriage), Upanayana (initiation), and Pakayajna (household sacrifices), with strong emphasis on Vedic mantras, sacred fire, and caste-based roles. Unlike some other systems, Islamic family law focuses on fairness, shared responsibilities, and being accountable to God in areas like marriage, parenting, inheritance, and everyday life. It supports a balanced approach where both husband and wife have rights and responsibilities, based on teachings from the Quran and the Prophet’s example. This study takes a close look at the roles of husbands and wives, parenting duties, religious responsibilities, and how divorce is understood. While Grihya Sutras reflect a ritualistic and hierarchical model, Islamic jurisprudence presents a more egalitarian and practical approach. This comparative analysis fosters interreligious understanding, offers insights into the foundational ethics of both systems, and underlines the need for contextual interpretations in modern multicultural societies.

Keywords: Grihya Sutra, Arthashashtra, Family Law, Hinduism, Islam, Islamic Jurisprudence Religious Ethics

Hegemonic Transition: How China and Russia are Changing Global Governance

2025-06-02T07:42:29+00:00

The study examines the evolution of the US led "rule-based" international order and its challenges posed by the emerging Sino-Russian alliance and the implications of a potential shift toward possible new world order characterized by state sovereignty, non-interference, and pragmatic cooperation through historical and contemporary case studies where it examines the strengths and criticisms of the US led order and the broader global implications for governance, authoritarianism, and international law. Historically framed as a system promoting democracy, human rights, and multilateralism, the current order reveals selective rule enforcement and inconsistent application of international norms, questioning its legitimacy. The Sino-Russian order emphasizes realpolitik and stability over ideological commitments, seeking to establish a multipolar world through initiatives like China's Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This research elucidates the distinctive feature of the Sino-Russian partnership and the challenges it presents to the entrenched US-led order and its allies. The evolving dynamics of Sino-Russian influence could redefine international norms, fostering an environment that prioritizes state sovereignty at the expense of individual rights, particularly affecting nations caught between US and Sino-Russian interests. Understanding these shifts is crucial for comprehending the future of international relations. The study will provide insights into how the Sino-Russian approach challenges global stability, regional alliances, and democratic values, while also examining the responses of US aligned nations to these developments, thereby offering a comprehensive analysis of the evolving geopolitical landscape.

Keywords: Hegemonic Transition, China, Russia, Global Governance

Ethical Advertising in Pakistan's Telecom Sector: Assessing Deceptive Practices and Strategies for Sustaining Customer Loyalty

2025-06-05T08:28:27+00:00

This paper examines the impact of deceptive advertising practices on customer loyalty in Pakistan’s telecom sector, focusing on major providers Jazz, Telenor, and Ufone. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and secondary data analysis, the research reveals that 74.6% of respondents felt deceived by misleading claims, hidden charges, and unfulfilled service promises, leading to a 69.3% churn rate. Ufone exhibited the highest levels of unethical advertising, correlating with poor customer retention, while Jazz, with more transparent practices, maintained stronger loyalty and market dominance. The findings underscore that deceptive tactics erode trust and brand equity, whereas ethical advertising fosters long-term customer relationships. Strategic recommendations include enhancing pricing transparency, improving service quality alignment, and strengthening customer service to rebuild trust. The study highlights the need for stricter regulatory oversight by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and calls for industry-wide adoption of ethical marketing standards to ensure sustainable growth in this competitive sector.

Keywords: Ethical Advertising, Deceptive Practices, Customer Loyalty, Telecom Sector, Pakistan, Transparency, Regulatory Compliance

Critical Ties, Strategic Risks: The Role of Semiconductors and Rare Earth Elements in the Sino-US Relationship

2025-06-05T11:09:59+00:00

In an era marked by strategic decoupling and renewed great power rivalry, the US and China are navigating an intensifying tech rivalry. Co-dependencies in the critical areas of semiconductor production have the possibility of fostering innovation but also carry the risk of strategic vulnerability. This paper aims to examine the strategic interdependence between the US and China in key areas like critical rare earth elements and semiconductor technology. Employing the theoretical underpinnings of defensive neo-realism, the study seeks to examine the vulnerabilities and risks emanating from this kind of reciprocal reliance. It uses the qualitative approach to assess their respective state priorities and policy responses in an attempt to mitigate the risks associated with mutual reliance in an anarchic international system, underscoring the principle of self-help. Findings of the study highlight the complexities arising from tech-decoupling and implications for the global technopolitical landscape.

Keywords: Semiconductors, Rare Earth Mineral, US-China Rivalry

Proactive Personality as a Predictor of Career Sustainability among Gig Economy and Traditional Employment

2025-06-10T07:32:41+00:00

This study examines the predictive role of proactive personality on career sustainability among individuals employed in the gig economy and traditional employment. A total of 500 working professionals (n = 272 traditional employment; n = 228 gig economy) from Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar and Lahore cities of Pakistan participated in the study, selected through purposive sampling. The Proactive Personality Scale (Bateman & Crant, 1993) and the Career Sustainability Scale (Chin et al., 2021) were used to measure the constructs. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation, independent samples t-tests and hierarchical regression were conducted using SPSS. Results revealed a significant positive relationship between proactive personality and career sustainability. Results of hierarchical regression highlight proactive personality as a strong predictor of career sustainability. However, no significant differences were found between gig and traditionally employed workers in levels of proactive personality or career sustainability. These findings highlight the importance of proactive personality as a dispositional trait that supports career sustainability across gig economy and traditional employment and offering valuable insight for career counselors and organizations supporting career sustainability across employment types.

Keywords: Proactive Personality, Career Sustainability, Gig Economy, Traditional Employment

Reimagining the Orient in Virtual Realm: A Critical Examination of Virtual Reality and Cultural Imperialism in the Middle East

2025-06-11T07:03:27+00:00

This research study explicitly scrutinizes the intersection between Virtual reality and Western cultural imperialism in the Middle East continually glorified by Orientalist discourse. The pervasive nature of Virtual reality (VR) has undoubtedly unlocked new vistas on cultural representation and interplay. In so doing, the Middle East, has become a laughing stock for Orientalists, stigmatizing it as exotic and uncivilized, questioning VR’s role in eternalizing or nullifying western cultural imperialism. Qualitative methodology, incorporating close reading and critical discourse analysis have been employed, scrutinizing how cultural narratives have been devised accompanied by various perspectives on cultural imperialism. This research study’s findings bring forth the fact that how VR technology reinforces or counters cultural imperialism in the Middle East, exploring the potential for VR to promote inter-faith dialogue, eternalizing existing power dynamics. This study offers a refined perspective on VR’s potential to reshape cultural narratives and power dynamics in the Middle East, offering new opportunities for promoting an inclusive representation.

Keywords: Virtual Reality (Vr), Middle East, Cultural Imperialism, Digital Dictatorship, Power Dynamics, Strategic Essentialism

Valuating the Impact of Psychological Entitlement on Cyber-Loafing: The Mediating Role of Occupational Attitude

2025-06-11T18:46:19+00:00

The present research study intended to investigate the mediating role of occupational attitude towards the relationship between psychological entitlement and cyber-loafing for the employees working in Higher education sector of Pakistan. A survey based self-administrative questionnaire was used for data collection from 359 participants (admin + faculty) from a cluster-based random sample of universities located in different provinces of Pakistan. SPSS and AMOS was used for testing the required set of hypotheses through structural equation modelling technique. The exogenous variable was psychological entitlement and endogenous variable was cyber-loafing while the occupational attitude was mediator. The initial analysis revealed the model fitness for measurement and structural model. In addition, the internal and external reliability and validity of the constructs were confirmed from factor loadings, Cronbach alpha, composite reliability, and average variance extracted, etc. The structural model estimation for direct relationships inferred that cyber-loafing for the organizational purpose can be beneficial for universities in Pakistan with a positive occupational attitude and positive psychological entitlements of employees. Similarly, the mediating estimation results infer that occupational attitude with positive behavior can significantly enhance the relationship between psychological entitlement and cyber-loafing behavior in higher education sector of Pakistan. All the 4 hypothesis were accepted and results are significant with the previous research studies. The implications of the study for the policymakers in the higher education sector of Pakistan is that a positive attitude of employee’s occupation can be beneficial for their psychological entitlement in defining the positive use of internet at their workplace especially in case of higher education sector. However, the findings of the study are generalizable to the similar organizational structure. The future research may however consider some other factors to consider as the determining the cyber-loafing behavior in the education sector of Pakistan

Keywords: Psychological Entitlement, Cyber-Loafing, Occupational Attitude, Higher Education Sector of Pakistan

The Khanqah System: An Analytical Study of its Origins, Development, and Features

2025-06-12T14:08:18+00:00

The study explores the Khanqah system, a cornerstone of Sufi tradition, focusing on its origins, evolution, and key features. Khanqahs (Sufi lodges) served as spiritual, educational, and social hubs, playing a pivotal role in spreading Islam, particularly in South Asia. The paper highlights the contributions of Sufi saints like Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya, whose Khanqahs attracted millions to Islam through teachings of love, peace, and inclusivity. The Khanqah system emerged as a parallel spiritual governance alongside temporal rulers, emphasizing inner purity and divine connection. It comprised three core components: 1) Taaam Gaah (community kitchen), 2) Qiyam Gaah (residence for seekers), and 3) Kalaam Gaah (discourse space) all fostering unity across class and creed. Over time, the system faced decline due to corruption, sectarianism, and weakened ties with scholars, yet its legacy endures in promoting interfaith harmony and moral upliftment. The study also critiques modern distortions of Khanqahs, contrasting them with Egypt’s thriving Sufi lodges, which maintain rigorous spiritual practices, education, and social welfare.

Keywords: Khanqah System, Sufism, Spiritual Governance, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Taaam Gaah, Qiyam Gaah, Kalaam Gaah, Revival, Interfaith Harmony, Social Welfare

The Role of Parole Officers in the Rehabilitation of Offenders: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan

2025-06-12T17:11:07+00:00

The article discusses the vital role of parole officers in rehabilitating offenders in Punjab, Pakistan, highlighting the need to balance public safety with the reintegration of offenders into society. It reviews parole officers' responsibilities, including supervision, providing behavioral guidance, and collaborating with rehabilitation programs. Data for this study was collected qualitatively through interviews with 16 experienced parole officers in Punjab using an interview guide. Thematic analysis and a phenomenological approach were used to analyze the qualitative data. Respondents shared the responsibilities and challenges faced by parole officers in offender rehabilitation. The results indicate that. Parole officers monitor offenders' behavior to support their reintegration into society while ensuring public safety. This role requires balancing responsibility, empathy, and law enforcement to promote rehabilitation and reduce recidivism.

Keywords: Role, Parole, Officer, Rehabilitation, Offender, Punjab Pakistan