An evaluation of the legal and political framework for climate refugees in the context of climate-induced displacement

Abstract

Climate-induced displacement has emerged as one of the most pressing humanitarian and governance challenges of the twenty-first century. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, flooding, desertification, and water scarcity are increasingly forcing communities to migrate from vulnerable regions, often with little formal protection or legal recourse. Despite growing recognition of climate-induced migration, international and national legal frameworks remain fragmented and largely inadequate to address the specific vulnerabilities of climate-displaced populations. This study examines the experiences of climate-affected communities in Balochistan, Pakistan, focusing on their awareness of, and access to, existing legal and policy mechanisms for protection. Using a qualitative research design, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve participants who have experienced climate-induced displacement. Thematic analysis of the data identified four main themes: limited awareness and access to legal frameworks, structural inequalities shaping vulnerability, marginalization and exclusion from policy processes, and the emergence of collective action among displaced communities advocating for recognition and rights. Findings suggest that social, economic, and political hierarchies determine which communities are most affected by climate risks and least able to claim protection under existing frameworks. Furthermore, participants reported that collective organizing and grassroots movements are increasingly used to challenge systemic neglect and advocate for policy reform. The study highlights the urgent need for legal and policy adaptations at both national and international levels to ensure climate-displaced populations can exercise their rights and access protection. By linking empirical evidence with legal and political analysis, the research provides insights for policymakers, activists, and scholars seeking to strengthen climate displacement governance.

Keywords: Legal; Political Framework; Climate Refugee; Climate Induced Displacement.