Pakistan–Russia Relations in Transition: Strategic Shifts, Economic Constraints, and Prospects for Energy, Defence and Trade Cooperation (1991–2021)

Abstract

Pakistan and Russia’s relations began after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 and have since evolved through two phases: from 1991 to 2008, marked by fluctuations and relative stability after 9/11, and from 2008 to 2021, when cooperation expanded more rapidly, particularly in energy, defence, trade, and tourism. Despite these developments, the research problem identified in this study is the limited progress in bilateral cooperation, especially in the energy and trade sectors, where structural and political constraints have restricted investment and resulted in a low volume of imports and exports. To address this issue, the study employed a qualitative research method based on secondary sources, including books, journals, newspapers, reports, and online materials, to analyse the evolution of relations and assess opportunities and challenges. The findings suggest that although Russia has demonstrated growing interest in Pakistan’s energy sector and other areas of collaboration, progress has been inconsistent due to economic barriers and lack of institutional mechanisms. Nevertheless, since 2008, both countries have moved closer in strategic and economic terms, indicating untapped potential for deeper engagement. In conclusion, the study recommends strengthening cooperation in energy and trade as vital avenues for enhancing Pakistan-Russia relations in the future.

Keywords: Bilateral Relations; Defence; Energy Cooperation; Pakistan; Russia; Trade; Conflict