Conflict Theory: A Review of Core Themes and Theoretical Contributions

Abstract

This review article examines the evolution, foundational concepts, and contemporary relevance of conflict theory as articulated by classical and modern sociological theorists. Originating with Karl Marx’s analysis of class struggle and economic inequality, conflict theory has since expanded through the contributions of Max Weber, C. Wright Mills, Ralf Dahrendorf, and others who emphasized power dynamics, authority, and institutional control. The paper synthesizes key theoretical developments and core themes such as social stratification, ideological dominance, and the role of conflict in driving social change. By applying the theory to present-day issues such as educational inequality, mass incarceration, healthcare disparities, and media control, the article highlights its utility in critiquing systemic injustice. The review concludes by outlining future directions for conflict theory, including intersectional analysis, decolonial perspectives, and ecological conflict. Through this comprehensive synthesis, the paper affirms the enduring significance of conflict theory in the sociological analysis of power and inequality.

Keywords: Conflict Theory, Karl Marx, Power, Inequality, Class, Social Change