The Jurisprudential Validity and Guidelines for Performing Salah While Seated in Modern Contexts

Abstract

In contemporary times, an increasing number of Muslims particularly the elderly and individuals with physical impairments encounter significant challenges in performing Ṣalāh (Islamic prayer) in the traditional postures due to various medical conditions or physical limitations. Consequently, performing Ṣalāh while seated on a chair has emerged as a practical alternative. This development has sparked critical discussions regarding the Sharīʿah legitimacy of this practice and the specific conditions under which it is considered permissible. The primary objective of this study is to examine the Islamic legal foundations for performing Ṣalāh while seated on a chair in contemporary contexts. It aims to delineate the criteria established by Islamic jurisprudence, clarify the conditions under which concessions are permitted, and distinguish between legitimate facilitation allowed by the Sharīʿah and unwarranted leniency that may undermine religious obligations. This research adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology, encompassing a thorough examination of classical Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) as articulated by all four major Sunni legal schools. It further draws upon relevant Qur'anic verses, authentic ḥadīths, and contemporary fatāwā issued by recognized Islamic scholars and institutions, in order to explore the evolving application of traditional legal rulings within modern contexts. The findings indicate that Islamic law (Sharīʿah) permits the performance of Ṣalāh while seated—including on a chair—for individuals who are genuinely incapable of standing due to illness, disability, or significant physical weakness. However, the study underscores that this concession is not intended for convenience, but rather for cases of legitimate necessity. Moreover, individuals availing themselves of this allowance are required to perform as many physical components of the prayer—such as standing, bowing (rukūʿ), and prostration (sujūd) as they are physically able to. In conclusion, the research affirms the validity of performing Ṣalāh on a chair under specific and clearly defined conditions. This practice must be undertaken with sincerity and in strict conformity with the principles of Islamic law, ensuring that the structural integrity, spiritual humility, and solemnity of the prayer are preserved to the greatest extent possible.

Keywords: Salah, Islamic Jurisprudence, Chair Prayer, Shari'ah Rulings, Physical Disability, Contemporary Fiqh