The Political Economy of Corruption and Its Impact on Governance in Pakistan

Abstract

Corruption in Pakistan is a pervasive issue that undermines governance, economic development, and societal trust. This study examines the political economy of corruption, exploring its historical roots, institutional manifestations, and systemic impact on governance. Corruption in Pakistan spans multiple sectors, including politics, public services, and business, fueled by weak institutional capacity, political patronage, and societal norms. The paper highlights how corruption erodes public trust, distorts economic growth, and perpetuates inequality, with Pakistan ranking poorly on global corruption indices. Case studies illustrate systemic abuses, such as cronyism in state enterprises and electoral malpractice. Despite anti-corruption frameworks and international cooperation, challenges persist due to lack of political will, accountability, and civic engagement. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen institutions, enhance transparency, and promote civic participation to combat corruption effectively.

Keywords: Corruption, Governance, Political Economy, Pakistan, Institutional Weakness, Transparency, Accountability, Economic Development